Full Dateline
Knossos is first settled.
Earliest occupation of Zephyrion.
Fortifications are constructed at Zephyrion.
Foundation of a settlement at Susa.
The area around Troy is first settled.
Phaistos is first inhabited.
Foundation of Tell es-Sakan, which later became known as Gaza.
Troy is already a small fortified city.
Tyre is founded according to Herodotus. Some archeological data backs this up.
Susa fights a battle with Kish.
Old Elamite period begins at Susa.
Troy I destroyed by fire. Troy II is built.
Local Canaanite population resettles Tell as-Sakan, later known as Gaza.
Susa is incorporated into the Akkadian Empire by Sargon the Great.
Miletos begins to be inhabited.
Final destruction of Troy II. Troy III is constructed.
The Citadel at Kastrí is constructed on Syros.
Total collapse of civilization at Gaza.
Pharaoh Pepi I of Egypt mentions Byblos in texts, reflecting ongoing trade relations.
The governor of Susa, Kutik-Inshushinak, rebels against the Akkadians and creates an independent state.
Memphis called Ankh-Tawy, meaning “life of the two lands”.
Ur collapses under pressure from the Elamites and Susa becomes an Elamite city again.
The city of Kabyle is established.
The first palace at Phaistos is constructed.
Miletos is inhabited by Minoans.
Construction begins on the Palace of Minos at Knossos.
Foundation of the First Dynasty of Babylon under Sumu-abum, establishing Babylon as a city-state in southern Mesopotamia.
Egyptian Pharaoh Senusret III continues relations with Byblos, with inscriptions confirming Egyptian influence in the city.
Hammurabi becomes king of Babylon, initiating a period of expansion and codification of laws.
Code of Hammurabi is established in Babylon, one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes.
Troy VI is constructed, which may be considered the most powerful Troy.
The Palace of Minos at Knossos is rebuilt on a grander scale at Knossos.
Memphis is besieged by the Hyksos.
A new city is built at Tell as-Sakan, later known as Gaza.
Hittite King Mursili I sacks Babylon, marking the end of the First Babylonian Dynasty.
Memphis renamed to mn-nfr, meaning “enduring and beautiful”.
Tell as-Sakan, later known as Gaza, is destroyed as Hyksos of Egypt is routed. The area comes under Egyptian rule.
The first known temple to Demeter is constructed at Eleusis.
Rough time when Sardis is first occupied.
The bronze age settlement at Ayia Irini on Kea reaches its peak.
The Middle Elamite period begins in Susa.
Miletos is overrun by mainland Greeks.
Dardanos founded in legend by Dardanus, son of Zeus by Elektra.
Thutmose III of Egypt takes Arados on his Syrian campaign.
The palace at Phaistos is destroyed.
Mycenaean settlers occupy Miletos.
Reign of Erichthonios in Dardanos.
Troy first appears in Hittite records as ‘Wilusa’.
The Igihalkid dynasty controls Susa.
The hill fort of Tiryns reaches its height of importance.
Tros, from whom the Trojans are named, reigns in Dardanos.
Palace of Minos at Knossos is destroyed.
Sidon is part of the Egyptian empire and is ruled by Zimredda.
Tyre is under Egyptian control.
Transition phase in Miletos. Both phases are Mycenaean.
Approximate date when the Hittite king Mursilis II took Ephesos (then called Apasas), the citizens fled to Metropolis (then called Puranda).
The Eleusinian Mysteries are founded in Eleusis per Aristotle.
Troy VI is destroyed by what is believed to be an earthquake.
Byblos appears in the Amarna Letters, diplomatic correspondences from this period, reflecting its role in the regional politics of the Late Bronze Age.
The Elamite king Untash-Napirisha constructs the Ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil near Susa.
Miletos comes under Hittite control.
Knossos begins a resurgence, but the Palace of Minos is not rebuilt.
Orchomenos is burned and its palace destroyed.
Initial Mycenaean settlement at Kition is destroyed.
Tyre achieves independence from Egypt.
The palace at Tiryns is destroyed, but the city continues to grow.
Troy VIIa is destroyed by an enemy attack, perhaps that described in the Iliad.
Gaza is occupied by Philistines and is no longer under Egyptian control.
Elamites under Shutruk-Nahhunte take the original Code of Hammurabi and bring it to Susa.
Kassite Dynasty ends with Babylon’s conquest by Elam.
Approximate foundation of Knidos by Dorian settlers.
Ahiram (Ahirom), a Phoenician king of Byblos, is buried in a sarcophagus with one of the earliest known inscriptions in the Phoenician alphabet.
Aletes, first Bacchiad king of Corinth, takes control of the city from the Sisyphids.
Miletos is destroyed by some unknown people.
Pitane is founded by colonists from Lesbos.
Traditional founding of Eresos, likely as part of the Aeolian Greek colonization of Lesbos.
Troy VIIb heavily damaged by an earthquake.
Approximate foundation of the Kingdom of Kourion.
The Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser I records that he sailed in boats of Arados.
Approximate construction of the sanctuary at Olympia.
900 BCE
Assos founded by Aeolian colonists from Lesbos.
Religious part of Kition is abandoned, though the rest remains in use.
The Elamite language begins to be used at Susa.
The Israelites under King David occupy Gaza.
Hiram I becomes King of Tyre, leading the city to great prosperity.
Troy VIIB is destroyed by fire.
Presumed death of Hiram I of Tyre.
Approximate foundation of Itanos per archeological records.
Omri defeats the usurper Zimri and becomes king of Israel, with its capital at Samaria.
Samaria becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Israel.
Approximate construction of the first palace at Samaria.
Ahab, son of Omri, becomes king of Israel, with its capital at Samaria.
Manbog annexed to the Assyrians.
Death of the unpopular king Ahab. His son Ahaziah takes the throne in Samaria and continues his ways.
Ahaziah dies in Samaria after falling from a roof. Jehoram becomes king of Israel.
Jehoram dies from an arrow wound. Jehu becomes king of Israel, with its capital at Samaria.
Death of Jehu in Samaria. His son Jehoahaz becomes King of Israel.
Death of Jehoahaz, King of Israel. Jehoash takes the throne in Samaria.
Death of Jehoash. Jeroboam II becomes king at Samaria.
The first Olympic Games are held at Olympia.
A major earthquake damages Samaria.
The Proerosia, a festival and sacrifice, is established at Eleusis.
Oibotas of Dyme wins the stadion race at the Olympic games. He was not honored by the Achaians and thus the Achaians were cursed to not win at the Olympics for years.
Death of Jeroboam II at Samaria. Zechariah becomes King of Israel.
Zechariah rules for six months before Shallum kills him and takes the throne in Samaria.
Shallum is executed by Menahem, who takes the throne at Samaria.
Approximate colonization of Mende by Eretrians.
Phaistos is re-inhabited.
Telestes, the last Bacchiad king of Corinth, is killed.
King Kaus-malaka is in power in Edom.
Death of Menahem at Samaria. His son Pekahiah becomes King of Israel.
Pekahiah is assassinated by one of his chief military officers, Pekah, who takes the throne in Samaria as King of Israel.
Edom becomes a vassal state of the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Tiglath-Pileser III, who expands his control in the Levant, forcing Edom to pay tribute.
Pekah is assassinated by Hoshea, a captain in his army, in Samaria. Hoshea becomes the last King of Israel.
Canaan is conquered by Tiglath-Pileser III and Gaza comes under Assyrian rule.
Magnesia ad Maeander is destroyed by Cimmerians.
The neo-assyrian king Shalmaneser V besieges Tyre.
The double stadion race is added to the Olympic Games.
Samaria is captured by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
The long distance race is added to the Olympic Games.
Sybaris is founded by settlers from Troizen.
The pentathlon is added to the Olympic Games.
King Aya-ramu is in power in Edom.
Skione is founded by settlers from Achaia.
Greek immigrants begin rebuilding around Troy.
The location of Priene is moved due to earthquakes.
Metapontion is founded by settlers from Achaia.
Prokonnesos is founded by settlers from Miletos.
Sennacherib, the Assyrian king, destroys Babylon in retaliation for its rebellion.
Boxing is added to the Olympic Games.
The four horse chariot race is added to the Olympic Games.
King Kaus-gabri is in power in Edom, according to an Assyrian document.
King Abdi-Milkutti of Sidon rises up against the Assyrians.
Pisa takes posession of Olympia.
Approximate time when Askra in Boeotia is destroyed by Thespiai.
Damasos is recorded as King of Kourion.
Memphis is captured by the Assyrians under Esarhaddon.
Approximate year when Kolophon is conquered by Gyges of Lydia.
Argos defeats Sparta at the Battle of Hysiae.
Memphis is again sacked and looted by the Assyrians under Ashurbanipal .
Ashurbanipal of Assyria forces Arados under King Yakinlu to submit and give one of his daughters to his harem.
Settlers from Syracuse found Akrai.
Magnesia ad Maeander is rebuilt by settlers from Miletos or Ephesos.
652 BCE
Abdera led by Timesios of Klazomenai.
Abdera begun as a colony of Klazomenai.
Approximate time when Thrasybolos, tyrant of Miletos, fights a lengthy war against Lydia and maintains the independence of Miletos.
Ephesos is burned by Kimmerians.
Approximate time when Sardis becomes the capital of Lydia.
A channel that separates the island from the mainland is constructed by Corinthian settlers at Leukas to aid in navigation.
The pankration, utilizing boxing and wrestling, is added to the Olympic Games.
Babylon revolts under Shamash-shum-ukin against Assyrian control, leading to a brutal siege by Ashurbanipal.
The Neo-Assyrian king Ashurbanipal levels Susa.
Kardia founded by settlers from Miletos and Klazomenai.
Settlers from Syracuse found Kasmenai.
Boys’ sports are added to the Olympic Games.
The poet Erinna is born on Telos.
The necropolis in Orthi Petra, which serves as a burial site for elite citizens, is constructed in Eleutherna.
Temple of Athena Polias completed in Athens.
The boys’ pentathlon is held for the only year at the Olympic Games.
Kios founded.
Death of the tyrant Kypselos in Corinth. He is succeeded by his son Periander.
Foundation of Dyrrhachion by Greek colonists.
Nabopolassar establishes the Neo-Babylonian Empire and declares independence from Assyria.
Ambrakia founded by Gorgos, son of the Corinthian tyrant Kypselos.
Anaktorion founded by settlers from Corinth.
The Medes capture Susa.
Boys’ boxing is added to the Olympic Games.
Apollonia Pontika is founded by settlers from Miletos.
Nebuchadnezzar II becomes king of Babylon, overseeing its peak and monumental building projects, including the Ishtar Gate.
The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II is defeated by Egyptians near Gaza.
Kardia is founded by settlers from Miletos and Klazomenai.
Orchomenos joins the Boeotian League, headed by Thebes.
Solon, the Athenian lawgiver, includes provisions for the protection of the Eleusinian Mysteries.
The Temple of Hera is constructed at Olympia.
Pantikapaion is founded by settlers from Miletos.
Apollonia ad Rhyndakum is founded by settlers from Miletos.
Alyattes of Lydia takes Smyrna, then attacks but fails to take Klazomenai.
Massalia is founded by settlers from Phokaia.
Approximate founding of Kallatis by settlers from Herakleia Pontika.
Sestos is colonized by settlers from Lesbos.
Kleisthenes becomes tyrant of Sikyon.
Death of Battos I of Kyrene. His son Arkesilaos I becomes king and accomplishes nothing that we remember.
Settlers from Syracuse found Kamarina.
Kleisthenes of Sikyon leads the First Sacred War against Phokis and destroys Kirrha.
Solonian law established in Athens.
Nebuchadnezzar II captures Jerusalem, leading to the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews.
Death of the tyrant Periander of Corinth, who had built the city into a major trading center. After Periander supposedly defiles the corpse of his wife, his son Lykophron departs for Korkyra. When Periander offers him the rule of Corinth, the inhabitants of Korkyra kill Lykophron rather than let him depart. Periander dies of grief.
Death of Arkesilaos I of Kyrene. His son Battos II takes power who keeps the sovereignty of Kyrene over Egypt.
Death of Psammetichos, the last of the Kypselid tyrants of Corinth.
580 BCE
Akragas founded by colonists from Gela.
The Isthmian Games are established in Corinth.
Heraia signs a treaty with Eleian cities for mutual protection and support for 100 years.
The poetess Sappho, born in Eresos, becomes active.
Lipara is colonized by settlers from Knidos.
Emporion is founded by settlers from Phokaia.
Approximate time when Eutresis is settled by Thespiai.
Eshmunazar I founds a dynasty in Sidon.
Nemean Games are established at Nemea in honor of Zeus, in the territory of Kleonai.
The siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar II is given up in failure.
Olympia comes under the jurisdiction of Elis.
Akragas comes under the control of Phalaris, who became infamous for roasting his enemies alive in a bronze bull.
Kition comes under Egyptian domination.
The indigenous Libyans ask Pharaoh Apries for help against the Greeks in Kyrene. He is defeated at the Battle of Irasa.
Amathos is mentioned during the reign of Pharaoh Amasis II of Egypt.
Nebuchadnezzar II again attempts to take Egypt and fails, but does conquer Gaza.
The Olympic Stadium is constructed at Olympia.
Herakleia Pontika founded by colonists from Megara and named after Herakles, who it was believed entered the underworld through a nearby cave.
The Temple of Hera at Samos is completed.
Sparta defeats Tegea and compels them to recognize their supremacy.
Pesistratos becomes tyrant of Athens.
Death of Battos II of Kyrene. His son Arkesilaos II takes power and oversees the decline of the dynasty.
Settlers from Syracuse found Morgantina.
Pisistratos ousted from office in Athens when two rival factions join.
Approximate end of the tyranny of Kleisthenes of Sikyon.
Amisos captured by the Persians and made part of the satrapy of Cappadocia.
Approximate foundation of Dioscurias by settlers from Miletos.
Larissa Phrikonis captured by Lydians, who install Egyptian soldiers.
The Temple of Hera and much of the ancient city of Samos are destroyed.
Construction of the Temple of Apollo at Corinth.
Baktria becomes part of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great, existing as a key eastern satrapy.
Arkesilaos II of Kyrene is strangled by his advisor Learchos, who is then killed when he returns to the city to become king. Battos III becomes king.
Death of Eshmunazar I of Sidon. Tabnit I becomes king.
Battos III of Kyrene makes a pact with Pharaoh Amasis II. Amasis marries his daughter Ladike.
With the downfall of the Kingdom of Lydia, Adramytteion, Parion, Phokaia, and Aigai go under the Persian Empire.
The Persians under commander Harpagos conquer the area around Idyma.
Kaunos bitterly resists the Persians of Harpagos, but are defeated.
Pisistratos lands at Marathon and routes an Athenian force. He becomes tyrant of Athens again.
The Lydian governor Paktyes seeks refuge at Kyme after a failed rebellion against the Persians.
Citizens of Teos flee from the Persians to found Phanagoria.
Elea in Italy is founded by settlers from Phokaia.
Perge and other cities of Pamphylia are placed under the Persian Empire.
Cyrus the Great of Persia captures Babylon, ending the Neo-Babylonian Empire; the city becomes part of the Achaemenid Empire.
Death of Tabnit I, whose sarcophagus was found with his body perfectly intact in 1887. Eshmunazar II becomes King of Sidon.
Susa is captured by Cyrus the Great.
Doric temple to Athena constructed at Assos.
The Persian king Cambyses I is unsuccessful in his attempt to take Gaza.
Death of the tyrant Pisistratos, tyrant of Athens.
Polykrates pays off Spartans besieging Samos with counterfeit coins.
400 BCE
The Gortyn Code in chiseled into a wall in Gortyna. Its fragments are the second longest Greek inscription remaining.
Arkesilaos III of Kyrene makes a pact with Cambyses II of Persia.
Premature death of Eshmunazar II, whose sarcophagus today is displayed in the Louvre. His son Bodashtart becomes King of Sidon.
Babylon revolts against Darius I but is subdued by the Persians.
Glaukos, a boxer from Karystos, wins in the Olympic Games.
The hoplite race is added to the Olympic Games.
Death of Pheretima, ruler of Kyrene. Battos IV, son of Arkesilaos III, takes over.
Death of Bodashtart of Sidon. He had restored the Temple of Eshmun. His heir Yatonmilk becomes king.
Abydos occupied by Persia.
Abdera conquered by Persia.
Darius the Great builds a bridge of boats from Kalchedon to Thrace.
The philosopher Anaxagoras is born in Klazomenai.
Carthage signs its first known treaty with Rome, delineating spheres of influence and trade routes.
Samothrace is occupied by Persia.
The Olympic Stadium at Olympia is significantly remodeled.
The mule cart race is added to the Olympic Games.
Istros destroyed by Skythians.
The location of Priene is moved again.
Karkinitis founded by Greek settlers.
Persian forces attempt to take Naxos, but are unsuccessful.
498 BCE
Death of Amyntas I of Macedon. Alexander I becomes king.
Histaios of Miletos founds the city of Myrkinos, on the site of what later would be Amphipolis. Aristagoras, also of Miletos, would later occupy the city and perish in the siege of a nearby town.
The mare cart race is added to the Olympic Games.
During the Ionian revolt (year approximate), Artake and Prokonnesos are burned by the Persians.
The Battle of Lade is fought between the Ionians under Dionysos of Phokaia and the Persians. Chios has the largest contingent, followed by Miletos, Lesbos (probably Mytilene), Samos, Teos, Priene, Erythrai, Myos, and Phokaia. Most fled during the battle, but the Chians put up a bold resistance before defeat.
Histaios besieges Thasos, but is unsuccessful.
Kardia is the only city in the Chersonese not destroyed by Persia.
Macedon under Alexander I is made fully subordinate to Persia.
Abdera conquered again by the Persians after the Ionian revolt, under their general Mardonius.
Gelon of Gela takes Syracuse.
Karystos destroyed by the Persians.
Temple of Aphaia completed at Aegina.
The Persian admiral Datis stops at Delos to pay his respects and demonstrate to the Greeks that the Persians are not hostile to their gods.
Death of Yatonmilk of Sidon. Anysos becomes king.
The historian Herodotus is born in Halikarnassos.
Theron of Akragas invades and conquers Himera.
479 BCE
Five ships from Nisyros accompany Artemisia of Halikarnassos, but they defect to the Greek side.
The Battle of Thermopylae. Soldiers from Sparta, Mantinea, Tegea, Orchomenos (Arkadia), Corinth, Phlious, Thespiai, Phokis, Opuntian Lokris, and other cities are overrun by the Persians at a huge cost.
Argos does not participate in the Greek alliance against the Persian invasion, resulting in diplomatic isolation.
The fleet of Xerxes I is hit by a storm and badly damaged near Skiathos.
Xerxes I bridges the Hellespont near Sestos.
Residents of Akanthos welcome the Persian invasion force of Xerxes and help him dig a canal.
Xerxes moors the surviving ships of the Greek campaign at Kyme.
The Persian general Artabazos captures Olynthos and kills its inhabitants.
Phanagoria comes under the monarchy of the Archeactides.
August 7
September 26
Aegina plays a significant role in the Greek naval victory against the Persian Empire in the Battle of Salamis. Byblos, Arados, Tyre, Halikarnassos under Artemisia, Kos, and Sidon support Darius. Chalkis and Kythnos support the Greek effort. Alexander I serves as a peace negotiator on behalf of the Persians.
Despite being with the Persians, Alexander I alerts the Greeks of the Persian’s plans before the Battle of Platea.
The Persian satrap Artayctes desecrates the grove of Protesilaos at Elaios. He is later crucified for the offense by the Athenian general Xanthippos.
Potidaia is besieged by Persians, but rescued when a tsunami washes them away.
August 27
The Spartan general Pausanias flees to Kolone.
Death of Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse. His brother Hieron takes over.
The Athenian Themistokles is given control over Magnesia ad Maeander.
Alexander I takes advantage of the weakened state of the Persian Empire after its defeat in the Persian Wars to expand Macedonian territory. He annexes parts of Thrace and increases his influence over Thessaly.
A notable reorganization of the Nemean Games, held in the territory of Kleonai, occurred following the Persian Wars.
Athenians create a colony in Eion, just south of Amphipolis.
The Prytaneion is constructed at Olympia.
Alexander I is granted the right to compete in the Olympic Games, an important sign of Macedon’s acceptance into the broader Greek cultural sphere.
Sillyon joins the Delian League.
Death of Hieron, tyrant of Syracuse.
A large meteorite lands near Aigiospotamoi. At the same time, a comet is reported, which may be the first European mention of Halley’s Comet.
Thrasyboulos sets up a democracy in Syracuse.
The Athenian colony near Amphipolis is annihilated by the Thracians, with ten thousand colonists killed.
Athens, aligned with Sparta, sends a force of 4000 soldiers to help squash a helot uprising. Upon arriving in Sparta, they are dismissed while other allies remain. Angered, Athens repudiates their treaty with Sparta.
Death of Battos IV, king of Kyrene, which became a client kingdom of Persia during his reign. Leadership falls to his son, Arkesilaos IV.
Tegea is defeated by Sparta.
Arkesilaos IV, king of Kyrene, wins a chariot race at the Pythian Games in Delphi.
Kelenderis becomes the eastern-most member of the Delian League, headed by Athens.
Death of Themistokles in Magnesia ad Maeander. His son Archeptolis succeeds him as governor.
Thebes is reinstated by Sparta as the dominant power in Boeotia.
The tyrant Lygdamis II puts to death the poet Panyasis, which causes the historian Herodotus to leave Halikarnassos.
Death of Alexander I of Macedon. He is succeeded by his son Perdikkas II.
Abdera taxed 10 to 15 talents as part of the First Athenian League.
Artake first appears in tribute lists of the Delian League.
Ducetius, leader of the Sicels, invades Akragas and conquers an outpost.
The Temple of Zeus is constructed at Olympia.
Peace of Kallias, an agreement between Athens and Persia after a series of conflicts between them. In Cyprus, Amathos, Kelenderis, and Salamis remain under Persian control but maintains its local autonomy. Ephesos, Miletos, Priene, Klazomenai, and Phokaia also obtain some autonomy.
Ducetius, leader of the Sicels, defeated at Nomae by Syracuse, but is allowed into exile.
Pericles oversees the construction of new buildings at Eleusis, including the grand Telesterion (Initiation Hall), which serves as the central site for the Mysteries.
Construction of the Parthenon in Athens begins.
The Thirty Years’ Peace is signed between Athens and Sparta where they recognize each others rights to direct their own alliances.
Tissaphernes is born.
The mare cart race and mule cart race are removed from the Olympic Games.
Approximate birth of Tiribazos.
430 BCE
Agathopolis first colonized by Greek settlers.
The unpopular Arkesilaos IV and his son are killed and beheaded by citizens of Kyrene, which ends the Battiad dynasty.
Construction of the Athena Parthenos in Athens is completed.
Athenians found a new colony at Amphipolis under the general Hagnon.
Estimated birth year of Artaxerxes II to Parysatis and Darius II.
The philosopher Euclid is born in Megara.
Corinth obtains control over Anaktorion through fraud after the city had been joinly occupied by Corinth and Korkyra.
The Athenian general Phormio makes his base at Aphytis and leads his army against Pallene. He also takes Argos Amphilochian, removes the Ambrakians, and restores the town to the original inhabitants.
Ainea is mentioned as part of the Delian League.
Decorations completed on the Parthenon in Athens.
Spartans vote that Athens has violated the Thirty Years’ Peace and declares war. The Peloponnesian War begins.
Rhodes remains neutral, though still a member of the Delian League, during the Peloponnesian War.
Pericles gives his famous funeral oration in Athens.
Chalkidian League formed.
Phidias constructs the statue of Zeus, one of the seven ancient wonders of the world, at Olympia.
Ambrakians attempt to take Argos Amphilochian but are repulsed.
429 BCE
The Plague kills 30,000 people in Athens, including Pericles and his sons.
Sparta attacks Zakynthos with 1000 troops. They burn the countryside but fail to take the city.
Paros pays the highest amount of all islands in the Delian League.
Sparta under Knemos attempts to take Stratos but are defeated at great loss.
Athens detaches Kolone , Ophrynion, and Larissa Ptolemais from Mytilene in punishment for their revolt.
Thebes destroys Plataea with the help of Sparta.
A democratic uprising occurs in Megara.
Antandros joins the Delian League.
Athens attempts to invade Aetolia, but is forced back by the Aetolian League.
Ambrakia is crushed by Athens in the Battle of Idomene in an attempt to re-take Argos Amphilochian.
Lokris Opuntii is severely damaged by an earthquake.
Skarpheia is heavily damaged by a tsunami.
Herakleia Trachineia founded by Spartan settlers.
Approximate birth year of Ataxerxes III Okhos to Artaxerxes II and Queen Stateira.
The Battle of Sphacteria between Athens and Sparta is fought at the entrance to the Bay of Pylos, resulting in an Athenian victory. Ainos, Imbros, and the cities of Lemnos (Myrina, Hephaistia) provide support.
Anaktorion is captured by the Acarnanians and Athenians during the Peloponnesian War. The Acarnanians expel the Corinthians from the city, and Anaktorion becomes part of the Acarnanian League.
Athens defeats Sparta at the Battle of Pylos and traps 420 Spartans.
Perdikkas II of Macedon convinces several towns to move their populations to Olynthos.
Mesembria joins the Delian League.
The Spartan general Brasidas captures Amphipolis and then Galepsos. He travels through Melitaia and camps at Phakion.
Temple of Athena Nike is built in Athens.
Darius II, the father of Artaxerxes II, ascends the throne of Persia.
Birth of Meno, who helped lead the 10,000 with Xenophon, in Larissa.
The satrap of Phrygia, Pharnakes, offers asylum in Adramytteion to exiles from Delos.
The Athenian general Kleon attempts to take Amphipolis, but fails in the attempt. Both Kleon and the Spartan general Brasidas perish.
The Peace of Nikias between Athens and Sparta is signed after the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas. They agree to break up the Chalkidian League, but this is not done.
Athens takes Skione, kills every man, and sells the women and children into slavery.
Athens settles Spartan helot deserters and Messenians from Pylos at Kranion.
The inhabitants of Herakleia Trachineia are slaughtered by their neighbors.
Athens transports the Spartan helots and Messenians previously moved to Kranion back to Pylos to annoy Sparta.
Patrai is connected with its harbor by long walls.
Sparta deposits hostages at Orchomenos, but when the army of Athens approaches, they are quickly given up.
Kentoripai surrenders to the Athenians.
Abdemon deposes a Phoenician ruler and becomes King of Salamis.
Tissaphernes suppresses the rebellion of Pissuthnes against Darius II.
Metapontion provides a small support force to Athens against Syracuse.
Spartan forces travelling to Sicily are taken by winds to Kyrene, who gives them ships to return.
Pharnabazos is first recorded as satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia.
A group of Thracians, whom Athens were sending home, landed at Mykalessos and slaughtered everyone, including women and children.
The Athenian general Demosthenes takes aboard heavy infantry from Zakynthos and Kephallenia (likely including Same) and crosses over to the opposite coast of Akarnania to Alyzeia and Anaktorion, already held by Athens.
Chios, Kalchedon, Erythrai, and Klazomenai revolt against Athens and is besieged until relieved by Sparta.
Under Darius I’s orders, Tissaphernes allies with Sparta over Athens and re-occupies most of the Ionian coast.
Archeptolis, who controls Magnesia ad Maeander, is removed, possibly by Tissaphernes.
Kos is devastated by an earthquake.
Iasos is governed by Amorges, a Persian who had achieved independence from Persia. Iasos is attacked by Spartans, who deliver Amorges to Tissaphernes and plunder the city.
Kos is sacked by Spartan forces.
The Persians re-capture Aspendos.
Evagoras I takes the throne of Salamis from Abdemon.
May
Pharnabazos orders ships built at Antandros. At the same time, Syracuse helps Antandros finish its city wall, resulting in citizen privileges for Syracusans there. When the ships are complete, Pharnabazos sails for Kalchedon.
Hannibal Mago (a general and political leader) expands Carthaginian territories in Sicily, initiating a new wave of Carthaginian influence on the island.
Prokonnesos is conquered for Athens by Alkibiades.
408 BCE
Abydos attacked by Athens but repelled by Pharnabazos.
Spartans again repopulate Herakleia Trachineia.
The two horse chariot race is added to the Olympic Games.
Darius II removes Tissaphernes as a general, though he remains satrap of Caria.
Seven hundred soldiers from Herakleia Trachineia are slaughtered in a battle with their neighbors.
Athens under Alkibiades and Sparta under Lysander face off in the Battle of Notion. Sparta loses more ships, but Athens faces heavy losses when many are not rescued at sea. The resulting trial strips Alkibiades and the other Athenian generals of command.
Approximate year that Ariston takes control over Kyrene and kills 500 prominent citizens.
Lysander destroys the Athenian fleet at the mouth of the Aigiospotamoi. Just before, the Athenian triremes arrive at Elaios to discover that Lysander is in control of Lampsakos.
The Spartan Lysander takes Iasos, kills all men of fighting age, sells the women and children into slavery, and levels the city.
Thasos falls to Sparta under Lysander.
Peloponnesian War ends in an Athenian surrender, and as a result Adramytteion is ruled by Mytilene. Residents of Aegina are allowed to return to their island.
Cyrus the Younger attempts to kill his brother Artaxerxes II at his coronation. Artaxerxes is prevented from killing Cyrus by their mother, so he instead sends him to Asia Minor. Tissaphernes is responsible for divulging the plot.
Hekatomnos becomes king of Caria, then including Halikarnassos, under the Persian Empire.
Approximate birth year of Ariarathes I.
The Athenian exile Alkibiades is executed at his house in Persia, possibly at the order of Pharnabazos.
Sestos is occupied by the Spartans under Lysander.
Amyrtaeus ends the Persian occupation of Egypt and frees Memphis.
Messenians sent away from Naupaktos travel to Kyrene and join in the effort against Ariston, but most are killed.
Death of Darius II. His son Artaxerxes II becomes king of Persia.
The Spartan general Lysander besieges Aphytis, then has a dream that Ammon stood by him in his sleep. He thus raises the siege and orders the inhabitants to pray to Ammon.
The army of Cyrus the Younger defeats that of Artaxerxes II at the Battle of Cunaxa at Babylon. However, Cyrus the Younger is killed. Orontas participates as the satrap of Armenia.
Tissaphernes tricks the leaders of the 10,000 into joining him for a dinner, then arrests and decapitates them.
The 10,000, as described in Xenophon’s Anabasis, travel through Antandros and Adramytteion.
Euromos participates in the rebellion of the Persian satrap Cyrus the Younger against his brother, King Artaxerxes II.
Klearchos is born.
Xenophon and the 10,000 pass through Sinope.
The Metroon is built at Olympia.
Pharnabazos is a major adversary of the 10,000 on their journey home.
Estimated birth of Antipater.
The wife of Artaxerxes II, Stateira, is poisoned by his mother, Parysatis.
397 BCE
Deryklidas of Sparta supports the Ionian Greeks against the Persians. He besieges Atarneos for eight months until they accept his terms and takes Hamaxitos, Kolonai, and Ilion. This ends in an armistice with Pharnabazos.
Hamaxitos and Larissa-Ptolemais are forcibly re-integrated into the Persian Empire.
Larissa Phrikonis is beseiged by the Spartan general Thibron, who accomplishes nothing.
Death of Mania of Dardanos, having been strangled by her son-in-law.
Xenophon receives support from Prokles when he arrives in Mysia.
Xenophon stops in Ophrynion to sacrifice with the 10,000 on the way home.
The Egyptian capital is moved from Memphis to Mendes.
Herippidas of Sparta puts to death all anti-Spartans at Herakleia Trachineia and expels foreigners.
March
Xenophon’s command of the 10,000 ends at Pergamon.
October
Amyrtaeus defeated by Nepherites I at Memphis.
During a battle between Deryklidas of Sparta and Pharnabazos with Tissaphernes, men from Priene and Achilleion fighting with the Spartans fled. Hamaxitos and Larissa-Ptolemais thus receive their freedom again.
King Agis of Sparta falls sick at Heraia. He is brought back to Lakedaimon, where he dies.
Birth of Bas of Bithynia.
The Spartans under Agesilaos II attack and Persia. Artaxerxes II retaliates by bribing Corinth, Thebes, and Athens to make war on Sparta.
A competition for heralds and trumpeters is added to the Olympic Games.
The general Himilco of Carthage concludes a treaty with Kephaloidion.
Thebes takes Herakleia Trachineia from Sparta and installs the Trachinians and Oetaians.
Tissaphernes is lured out and killed at Kolossai by Tithraustes, supported by Pharnabazos and Parysatis, the mother of Artaxerxes II.
The Athamanians leave Sparta and join an Athenian alliance.
Samos declares its independence and re-establishes a democracy.
The Temple of Athena Alea in Tegea burns down.
The Spartan admiral Peisander is defeated and killed by a fleet headed by Pharnabazos and former Athenian admiral Konon at the Battle of Knidos.
July
Sparta and their allies, including Sikyon and Tegea, defeat Athens and their allies at the Battle of Nemea. On Athens side are Thebes, Lokris Opuntii, and Corinth. With Sparta are Halieis, Sikyon, Epidauros, Troizen, and Hermione. Phlious remains neutral. Pellene fights on the side of Sparta against Thespiai.
Amyntas III of Macedon transfers territory to Olynthos of the Chalkidian League.
Amyntas III tasks Derdas II with killing Amyntas the Little, a rival for the throne.
Amyntas III takes power after assassinating the previous king, Pausanias.
Pharnabazos establishes a naval base at Melos.
Pharnabazos travels to Corinth and provides them with funds to rebuild their fleet, then he provides Athens the funds to rebuild their long walls.
Amyntas III driven out of Macedon by Illyrians.
Amyntas III recovers Macedon with the help of Thessaly and particularly Larissa.
Alexander II is born, likely as the eldest son of King Amyntas III of Macedon and Queen Eurydice I.
Iphikrates marries the daughter of Kotys I.
Anaxabios replaces Deryklidas as head of Abydos.
Birth of philosopher Eudoxos at Knidos.
Amphipolis declares independence from Spartan control and operates as a self-governing city-state.
Lucanians begin to attack Thourion.
Stratos surrenders to King Agesilaos of Sparta.
Anaxabios of Abydos is ambushed and killed by the Athenian general Iphikrates.
Pharaoh Hakor negotiates a treaty with Athens.
The Gauls, led by Brennus, sack Rome after the Battle of the Allia.
Peace of Antalkidas, arranged by Artaxerxes II, is signed in Susa, ending the Corinthian War. Abydos, Aigai, Kalchedon, Kaunos, Klazomenai, Kyzikos, Parion, Samos, and Adramytteion become part of the Persian Empire.
Sparta uses the Peace of Antalkidas to break Mantineia into multiple villages.
Plato travels to Syracuse on the invitation of Dionysios I.
Amyntas III adopts the Athenian general Iphikrates, who has marriage ties to Kotys I.
Mazaios is born.
Approximate birth of Pumiathon.
Mantineia is defeated by Sparta and the city is destroyed and split up.
The Academy in Athens is founded by Plato.
Approximate birth year of Polyperchon.
Amyntas III appeals to the Spartans against the Chalkidian League. Akanthos, Argilos, and Stageira also claim that membership was forced upon them. Potidaia is separated from the League.
Phlious accepts exiles from their city under threat from Sparta.
Antigonos I Monophthalmos is born.
Philip II is born in Pella to Eurydike I and Amyntas III.
Spartans use treachery to take the citadel of Thebes.
Approximate birth of Memnon of Rhodes, presumably in Rhodes.
Rough birth year of Antigenes.
Approximate birth of Darius III under the name Artashata.
Agesilaos of Sparta lays siege to Phlious.
Estimated birth of Anaximenes in Lampsakos.
Approximate birth year of Nektanebo II.
Thebes expels the Spartan garrison at its citadel.
The Chalkidian League become subject allies of Sparta.
The Spartans and Macedonians under Amyntas III destroy Olynthos after two initial defeats. Derdas II participates on the winning side.
Sparta finally takes Phlious after a siege of 20 months, resets the government, and creates a new constitution.
Kleitor is at war with Orchomenos.
Eresos, Byzantion, Chios,Mytilene, Methymna, Rhodes, Thebes, Korkyra, Eretria, Kios, Samos, Naxos, Andros, Myrina (Lembos), Hephaistia, Imbros, and Thasos join the Second Athenian League, reaffirming its alliance with Athens in response to the growing threat of Persian interference and internal Greek conflicts.
Pharnabazos is reassigned by Artaxerxes II to lead an expedition into Egypt against Nektanebo I.
Abdera destroyed by an invasion of Thracian Triballi tribe.
Bas founds the independent kingdom of Bithynia.
The Chalkidian League leave Sparta and join and alliance with Athens, but that soon falls out over ownership of Amphipolis.
Approximate year of birth of Phila, daughter of Derdas II.
Death of the philosopher Gorgias of Leontini in Larissa.
Datames briefly occupies Sinope.
Jason becomes dictator of Pherai.
Nikokles succeeds his father Evagoras I on the throne of Salamis.
The Egyptian campaign under Pharnabazos fails.
Iphikrates of Athens invades Thyrrheion.
Mnasippos of Sparta blockades Korkyra and subjugates them to starvation, then puts to death or sells to slavery all who flee.
Bura destroyed by a massive earthquake. Every inhabitant dies and the only survivors are those who weren’t in the city at the time.
Estimated birth year of Laomedon.
Many Persian satraps revolt against Artaxerxes II.
Megalopolis is founded by the Arkadian League as a counterweight to Sparta.
Amyntas III supports Athens‘ claim over Amphipolis.
Jason of Pherai destroys the walls of Herakleia Trachineia to ease passage into the rest of Greece.
The Spartans in Tegea are expelled and Tegea joins the Arkadian League.
The helots of Messene revolt against Sparta.
Amyntas III dies. Alexander II ascends to the throne as King of Macedon.
Mausolos moves the capital of the Hekatomnid Satrapy from Mylasa to Halikarnassos.
The territory of Heraia is laid waste by Arcadian cities due to Heraia’s support for Sparta.
Approximate death of Tiribazos.
Death of the famous physician Hippokrates in Larissa.
Jason of Pherai is assassinated. His brothers Polydoros and Polyphron succeed him as kings.
The Tholos, a circular building in the sanctuary of Asklepios in Epidauros, is built under the architect Polykleitos the Younger.
Jason of Pherai, father of Alexander of Pherai, is murdered, after which his brother Polydoros takes the throne.
Polyphron kills his brother Polydoros and takes the throne of Pherai. His nephew, Alexander, survives.
Alexander II faces a threat from Ptolemy of Aloros, a Macedonian noble who seeks to usurp the throne.
The Arcadians take Pellene and slaughter all of the Spartans residing there.
Alexander of Pherai murders his uncle Polyphron and takes the throne of Pherai.
The Theban general Pelopidas intervenes in Macedonian affairs, leading an expedition to secure Alexander II‘s position. However, Alexander is forced to agree to a treaty that acknowledges Theban influence and sends his brother Philip II to Thebes as a hostage.
Persia under Artaxerxes II provides funds to Sparta to continue the Spartan-Theban war. They probably also provide funds to Athens.
Alexander II intervenes in Thessaly to support the city of Larissa against the tyrant Alexander of Pherae.
Alexander II is assassinated by Ptolemy of Aloros, who had conspired against him. Ptolemy becomes regent for Alexander’s younger brother, Perdikkas III.
The Theban general Epaminondas intervenes in Arcadia to support the Arcadian League and the newly founded city of Megalopolis. Heraia is pressured to join the Arcadian League but maintains a pro-Spartan stance.
Tyrant Philiskos rules Abydos.
Euphron becomes tyrant of Sikyon.
July
The Theban Pelopidas is sent to negotiate with Alexander of Pherai, who throws him in prison.
Ptolemy I Soter is born.
Artaxerxes II attempts to mediate between the Greek states. He proposes a settlement that highly favors Thebes and leaves Messene free. All states except for Thebes reject it.
Alexander of Pherai massacres the inhabitants of Skotussa.
Plato returns to Syracuse to work with Dion.
Autophradates besieged Ariobarzanes, who was participating in the Great Satraps Revolt, in Adramytteion.
Autophradates lay siege to Ariobarzanes in Assos. In exchange for Athenian support, Ariobarzanes gifts them Sestos.
Several cities on Kos combine to form the Kos harbor.
Arkadians under Aineas of Stymphalos march to Sikyon and send Euphron into flight.
Spithridates is appointed the satrap of Lydia by Artaxerxes II.
Kardia comes under Odrysian control.
Perdikkas III kills Ptolemy Aloros and takes charge of the Macedonian government.
Death of Euclid, who had founded the Megarian school of philosophy, in Megara.
Adramytteion abandoned with arrival of the Spartan king, Agesilaos II.
Klearchos obtains a band of mercenaries and takes control of Herakleia Pontika.
Sidon rises in rebellion against Persian rule under Artaxerxes II. The rebellion is initially successful, but Artaxerxes III eventually suppresses it after Sidon is besieged and captured. The city’s destruction and subsequent punishment mark a decline in Sidon’s prominence.
Thebes defeats Alexander of Pherai at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, but their general Pelopidas is killed.
The Boeotian League, headed by Thebes, sacks Orchomenos.
With Theban power down after the death of Epaminondas, Alexander of Pherai takes Tinos and sells the inhabitants as slaves, then besieges Peparethos. Athens defeats Alexander near Sounion and relieves Peparethos. Alexander then plunders Piraios.
Dissolution of the Arkadian League, which had previously founded Megalopolis.
Orontas takes a leadership role in the Great Satraps Revolt. He then switches his allegiance to Artaxerxes II. He uses Pergamon as his base.
The Great Satraps Revolt is finally crushed by Artaxerxes II.
Plato arrives in Syracuse for the third time.
Approximate year when Mazaios becomes satrap of Cilicia.
Agathokles of Syracuse born at Thermai Himeraia.
Marriage of Audata to Philip II.
Lysimachos is born in Krannon or Pella.
Kersebleptes inherits the Odrysian throne from Kotys I.
Kotys I is murdered in Thrace. Amatokos II becomes king.
Perdikkas III attempts to take upper Macedonia from the Illyrians, but he is defeated and killed. His infant son Amyntas IV becomes king.
Phaselis concludes a treaty with Mausolos of Halikarnassos.
Philippi founded by settlers from Thasos and named Thasian Epeiros.
Abydos comes under the tyrant Iphiades.
The Egyptian army under Teos, with Nektanebo II in attendance, pacifies much of the countryside, takes temples, and raises taxes.
Approximate date of the founding of Caesaria Maritima by Straton I of Sidon. The original name is Straton’s Tower.
Philip II takes Macedonia from his nephew Amyntas IV and declares himself king. Amyntas IV is spared.
Lykkeios becomes king of Paeonia.
Seleukos I Nikator is born in Macedon.
Revolt of Artabazos II with Mentor and Memnon of Rhodes as his generals.
Ataxerxes III Okhos ascends to the throne as Artaxerxes III after the death of Artaxerxes II.
After being turned down by his mercenaries, Teos of Egypt flees to Persia and Nektanebo II becomes ruler of Egypt.
Death of Artaxerxes II.
Kersebleptes, in a bid against Philip II, turns over all the cities of the Chersonese to Athens except for Kardia.
Philip II of Macedon conquers Amphipolis.
Birth of daughter Kynane to Audata and Philip II.
Marriage of Olympias to Philip II.
Birth of Philip III to Philinna and Philip II.
Philip II defeats the Illyrians.
Philip II takes Pydna. He is supposed to give up Amphipolis to Athens in exchange, but ends up keeping both cities.
Kersebleptes agrees to partition the Odrysian kingdom with Amatokos II and Berisades.
Neoptolemos I, father of Alexander I Molossos, dies. His brother Arybbas, with whom he had jointly ruled Epeiros, becomes the sole king.
355 BCE
Alexander of Pherai is murdered by the brothers of his wife Thebe, Teisiphon, Lykophron and Peitholaos at Pherai.
King Mausolos of Caria conquers Rhodes.
Ketriporis assumes the throne of western Thrace from Berisades.
Ketriporis enters an alliance with Athens, the Illyrians, and the Paeonians (probably under Lykkeios) against Philip II.
Kersebleptes plots with his brother-in-law Charidemos to eliminate Ketriporis and Amatokos.
Artaxerxes III Okhos dimisses Artabazos II from the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia, causing him to revolt.
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesos is burned down by a lunatic who did so to become famous for burning it down.
Dionysios the Younger, tyrant of Syracuse, is expelled by Dion.
The Bruttians rise up against Thourion.
July 20
Alexander the Great is born in Pella, Macedon
Approximate birth of Perdikkas.
The Athamanians join Philip II in the Third Sacred War against Phokis.
Approximate year when Ketriporis is subjugated by Philip II.
Artaxerxes III Okhos sends Autophradates and Mausalos, along with the help of Chares, to quell the satrap revolt under Artabazos II.
Orchomenos is rebuilt with the help of Phokis.
Artabazos II enlists the help of Thebes, but he is defeated by forces under Artaxerxes III Okhos. Artabazos flees to the court of Philip II.
Philip II besieges Methone. He takes the city but loses an eye in the process.
Androkles of Amathos sails with the Aegean fleet of Pharnabazos III and Autophradates.
Orontas revolts again and takes Pergamon. He eventually reconciles with Artaxerxes III and ends the revolt.
Kersebleptes and Philip II plan joint action against Amatokos II. The agreement breaks down, and Kersebleptes allies with Athens and attacks Amatokos II himself.
Chares takes up service with the breakaway satrap Artabazos. Artaxerxes III Okhos pressures Athens, and Chares is forced to leave. Artabazos then hires Thebans.
Sparta attempts to destroy Megalopolis, but the city is rescued by Thebes.
350 BCE
Construction of the Mausoleum of Halikarnassos, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Death of Mausolos at Halikarnassos and reign of his sister Artemisia II.
Onomarchos of Phokis takes Koroneia.
Klearchos is murdered at Herakleia Pontika by Chion and Leon. His brother Satyros takes over.
Satyros murders the families, including the children, of all who took part in the assassination of his brother, Klearchos, in Herakleia Pontika. However, he protects his brothers’ children, including Dionysios.
Philip II attacks and defeats Kersebleptes due to his attack on Amatokos II, who disappears from sources. Teres II seems to take over.
Leukai founded by the Persian admiral Tachos.
Beginning of reign of Pnytagoras in Salamis.
Hermeios becomes tyrant of Atarneos.
Death of Artemisia II at Halikarnassos and reign of her brother Idreios.
Another major rebellion erupts in Sidon against Persian control, led by Tennes (Tabnit), the king of Sidon, who initially receives support from Egypt and Cyprus. However, Artaxerxes III besieges Sidon and defeats the rebels. The Persians destroy Sidon in retaliation, leading to a massacre where thousands of Sidonians die.
Artaxerxes III Okhos attempts to re-take Egypt, but is completely defeated by Nektanebo II.
Estimated birth of Alexarchos, son of Antipater.
Alexander I Molossos brought to Macedon under Philip II for his protection.
Approximate birth year of Ophellas.
The Echo Stoa is built at Olympia.
The inhabitants of Klazomenai and Kyme quarrel over ownership of Leukai, until Klazomenai succeeds.
The Theatre of Epidauros, also designed by Polykleitos the Younger, is constructed.
Mausolos plans a deep-water port at Priene, but it is never finished.
Kassope founded.
Demetrios of Phaleron is born in Phaleron, a port of Athens.
Orchomenos is destroyed again by Thebes.
Philip II conquers Olynthos and thus destroys the Chalkidian League.
Aristotle moves to Assos and marries the niece of its ruler Hermeias, Pythia.
Teres II allies with Philip II against Kersebleptes and keeps his throne.
Phokis uses its three fortified cities of Orchomenos, Koroneia, and Koriai to fight against Thebes and the rest of Boeotia.
Dionysios the Younger reclaims the throne of Syracuse.
When Philip II marches against Kersebleptes, Athenian troops under Chares are sent against Macedonia. However, they soon disappear and Athens has no idea what happened to them.
Philip II hands over Orchomenos and Koroneia to Thebes.
Alexander the Great obtains the horse Bucephalus.
Approximate year that the tyrant Kleommis takes control of Methymna.
Death of Satyros of Herakleia Pontika. Timotheos, the son of Klearchos, takes over and makes his brother Dionysios a joint ruler.
Birth of daughter Thessalonika to Nikesipolis and Philip II. Nikesipolis dies a few days later.
Philip II is severely wounded in the leg in a campaign against the Ardiaioi.
Artaxerxes III recognizes Pnytagoras as king of Salamis in exchange for loyalty.
Timoleon lands at Metapontion on his quest in Sicily.
Death of Orontas.
Death of Idreios at Halikarnassos and reign of his wife and sister Ada.
Hiketas besieges Dionysios the Younger in Syracuse.
Artaxerxes III Okhos sends his satraps Belesys and Mazaios to retake Sidon, Tyre, and Byblos. The Persians are defeated by the Phoenicians, supported by Nektanebo II and Mentor of Rhodes.
Approximate birth of Philetairos.
The major cities in Cyprus – Salamis under Pnytagoras, Kourion, Paphos, and Soloi – rebel against Artaxerxes III Okhos. He sends Idreios along with the Athenian Phokion to quell the rebellion.
Alexander the Great begins tutoring with Aristotle.
Arrtaxerxes III Okhos successfully reconquers Egypt, ending its independence under Pharaoh Nektanebo II.
Agathokles moves with his father, a potter, to Syracuse.
Agathokles begins his military career serving in the army of Syracuse under the leadership of Timoleon.
Marriage of Meda, a Thracian princess, to Philip II.
Philip II leads a campaign against the Skythians.
Artaxerxes III enters Memphis and installs a satrap. Nektanebo II flees to Nubia.
Philip II undertakes a campaign against Thrace and presumably ousts Kersebleptes and Teres II.
Either Memnon of Rhodes or his brother Mentor capture Hermeios, tyrant of Atarneos, and put him to death.
Approximate birth year of Chandragupta Maurya.
Approximate birth year of Pleistarchos to Antipater.
Philip II besieges Perinthos. It is believed this is the battle where Antigonos Monophthalmos loses an eye.
Samothrace is incorporated into Macedon by Philip II.
After the death of his brother, Mentor, Memnon of Rhodes marries his widow Barsine.
Probable birth year of Amastris to Oxyathres, the brother of Darius III.
Ada is usurped by her brother Pixodaros in Halikarnassos.
Nektanebo II is besieged by Artaxerxes III in Memphis. He eventually flees north.
Rhodes is conquered by Persia.
Timoleon of Syracuse drives Carthaginians out of Akragas and declares it a free city.
Philip II with Alexander III enters Phokis and seizes Elataia, then improves its fortifications.
Memnon of Rhodes aids Byzantion in withholding a siege by Philip II.
Artaxerxes III Okhos finally succeeds in re-conquering Egypt under Nektanebo II, with the help of mercenaries from Argos, Thebes, and Mentor of Rhodes.
Timoleon ousts the tyrant Nikodemos from Kentoripai.
The Aetolian League receives Naopaktos from Philip II.
Marriage of Kleopatra Eurydike to Philip II. The marriage is seen as a direct insult to Alexander III.
Karystos comes under Macedonian control.
Khabash leads a rebellion against Persian rule, but it is defeated. Nektanebo II may have helped the rebellion.
Death of Timotheos of Herakleia Pontika. His brother Dionysios is now the sole ruler.
August
The court eunuch Bagoas orchestrates the death of Artaxerxes III Okhos through poisoning by his own physician. Most of his sons are also killed. Bagoas then places Arses on the throne.
Adea Eurydike is born (suspected year).
Birth of Demetrios Poliorketes to Stratonike and Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Alexander the Great flees Macedon after his father Philip II marries a woman whose heir could be a threat to his throne.
Olympias flees from her husband Philip II and attempts to persuade her brother, Alexander I Molossos, to attack Macedon. Alexander instead decides to seal a marriage alliance with Philip for Kleopatra.
Aristotle moves from the court of Philip II, where he was the tutor to Alexander III, to Mytilene, where his friend Theophrastos lives.
A pro-Macedonian movement in Ephesos is crushed with the help of Autophradates.
Laomedon, Harpalos, Nearchos, and Ptolemy are exiled by Philip II due to their involvement in the Pixodaros affair with Alexander III.
Pixodaros offers his daughter to Philip III Arrhidaios. Alexander the Great offers his hand instead and when Philip II hears about the matter, he calls it off.
The Aetolian League, Athens, and Thebes revolt against Macedon after the death of Philip II.
Philip II sends Parmenion, Attalos, Amyntas, and Kalas to the Troad to prepare for an invasion. They are defeated by Memnon of Rhodes.
The Philippeion is constructed by either Philip II or Alexander III (then later) at Olympia.
Lysimachos is first appointed as a bodyguard of Alexander III along with Balakros.
Memnon of Rhodes is tasked by Darius III with taking Kyzikos and nearly does. It is defended by Kalas.
Arses attempts to gain freedom from Bagoas on the Persian throne, but is poisoned and killed by him. Bagoas places Darius III on the throne.
October
Bagoas attempts to poison Darius III, who orders Bagoas to drink it. Bagoas dies.
October 25
Alexander the Great becomes King of Macedon when his father, Philip II, is murdered at the wedding of his sister Kleopatra and Alexander I Molossos. Perdikkas helps chase down and kill the assassin.
Alexander the Great demolishes Thebes after a rebellion. Perdikkas is severely wounded in the battle. Orchomenos and Thespiai fight on the side of Alexander.
Abydos is besieged by Memnon of Rhodes, forcing Parmenion to give up his siege of Pitane.
Alexander III travels through Pelinna on his way to Thebes.
Balakros becomes one of Alexander the Great‘s seven bodyguards.
Alexander the Great puts down balkan revolts.
Odessos surrenders to Alexander III.
Orchomenos is rebuilt with the help of Alexander III.
The Lyceum is founded in Athens by Aristotle.
Antigonos Monophthalmos serves as commander of the allied infantry under Alexander the Great.
Antigonos is appointed satrap of Phrygia by Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great appoints Asandros as satrap of Lydia.
Menander is a commander of infantry under Alexander III.
Alexander the Great besieges and eventually takes Halikarnassos, which is strongly defended by Memnon of Rhodes.
Memnon of Rhodes urges Darius III to foster a rebellion in Greece, but Darius refuses out of distrust for Memnon since he is Greek.
Kalas appointed hipparch of the Thessalian cavalry by Alexander III.
Kalas assigned the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia by Alexander III.
Alexander I Molossos joins the city of Taras against Italic tribes. Kleopatra serves as regent of Epeiros.
Death of Pixodaros. Orontobates succeeds him as satrap of Caria.
With the arrival of Alexander the Great, Chares pays respects to him from Sigeion.
Alexander the Great crosses from Sestos to Abydos. He then visits Troy and returns to Abydos. On his way, he sacrifices at the tomb of Achilles at Achilleion.
The Persians are driven out of Assos and Ephesos by Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great visits the temple to Protesilaos at Elaios.
Erythrai submits to Alexander the Great, who plans to create a canal on the peninsula to connect Teos to Smyrna.
Parmenion, a general of Alexander the Great, takes Gryneion, burns it, and sells the inhabitants as slaves.
Alexander the Great departs for Persia and leaves Antipater as regent of Macedonia.
Alexander the Great captures Kyzikos and commissions the effort to connect it to the mainland.
Anaximenes supposedly tricks Alexander III into not destroying Lampsakos.
Alexander III attempts to take Myndos, but is repulsed.
Alexander III decrees that citizens of Priene have the right to reside in Naulochos and certain privileges there.
Priapos surrenders to Panegoros, a general under Alexander III.
Alexander III takes Sardis and restores Lydian customs and laws.
Tralleis surrenders to Alexander III without incident.
The Persian satraps hold council at Zeleia before the Battle of the Granicus.
Teanum Sidicinum submits to Rome.
May
The Battle of the Granicus, during which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III, and after which Adramytteion and Kaunos come under his control. Kalas participates with the Thessalian cavalry under Parmenion. Perdikkas serves on the right.
May
Spithridates nearly kills Alexander III at the Battle of Granicus, but his arm is sheared off by Kleitos the Black before he can land the blow.
July
After the Battle of the Granicus, Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika increases his power and the size of his kingdom.
Kalas, Antigonos Monophthalmos, and Balakros supress Persian resistance to Macedonian authority.
Autophradates leads the Aegean fleet of Persia under the supreme command of Memnon of Rhodes. Azemilkos of Tyre accompanies him.
Memnon of Rhodes dies during a siege of Mytilene.
Memnon of Rhodes captures Methymna.
Autophradates and Pharnabazos III subjugate Mytilene.
Chares is given command of Mytilene by Autophradates, but he is forced to surrender it to the Macedonians.
Sabakes, satrap of Egypt, dies at the Battle of Issos. Mazakes is appointed by Darius III to replace him.
Archon is honored at Delphi because his horses were victorious at the Pythian and Isthmian Games.
Balakros appointed satrap of Cilicia by Alexander the Great.
Autophradates sails against Tenedos, who capitulate to him and the Persians.
Alexander the Great conquers Cilicia and Pisidia, including Aigai.Tarsos (where he became ill after a swim in the Kydnos River), Soloi, Sagalassos, and Issos.
Alexander the Great captures Perge, then marches on to Aspendos. The inhabitants agree to taxes in exhange for being left alone, but as Alexander continues to Side and Sillyon, he learns that Aspendos did not ratify the taxes. Enraged, he turns his army around. Aspendos quickly surrenders, but this time Alexander gives them far harsher terms.
Exiles from Herakleia Pontika beg Alexander to remove Dionysios and restore their city to democracy. To protect his interests, Dionysios reaches out to Kleopatra, and on her behalf Alexander leaves him in place.
Alexander the Great arrives at Mallos, builds a bridge over the Pyramos, sacrifices to Amphilochos, and exempts it from paying taxes.
Polyperchon given command of the Tymphaean battalion by Alexander III.
Selge sends an embassy to Alexander III and obtains his friendship.
Alexander III fails to take Termessos.
Alexandria ad Issum founded by Alexander III.
Agathokles marries the daughter of a wealthy Syracusan citizen, which helps him rise in social and political standing.
April
Alexander III spends some time at Phaselis after its surrender.
November 5
Alexander the Great defeats Darius III at the Battle of Issos. Ptolemy I Soter serves on the left wing under Parmenion.
November 6
Laomedon put in charge of Persian prisoners from the Battle of Issos because he is bilingual.
Nikokreon of Salamis and Pasikrates of Soloi pay homage to Alexander III in Phoenicia and take part in games.
Menes is appointed a bodyguard of Alexander III along with Lysimachos.
Pnytagoras of Salamis is given Tamasos, previously the territory of Pumiathon of Kition, by Alexander the Great.
Androkles of Amathos, Pnytagoras of Salamis, and Pasikrates of Kourion join Alexander the Great at the Siege of Tyre, where their qinqueremes are destroyed.
The flagships of Pnytagoras of Salamis, Androkles of Amathos, and Pasikrates of Kourion are destroyed while anchored in the harbor of Tyre.
Alexander I Molossos defeats the Samnites and Lucanians. He makes a treaty with Rome.
Metapontion signs an alliance with Alexander I Molossos.
After the Persian defeat at Issos, the fleet of Autophradates diminishes and he travels to Crete.
Sidon, Byblos, and Arados under Gerostratos submit to Alexander the Great as he travels through Phoenicia.
Alexander the Great besieges Gaza for five months before finally taking it. He is badly wounded in the head during the encounter. He resettles the city with Bedouins.
Alexander the Great enters Egypt, where he is hailed as a liberator. He sacrifices to the gods at Memphis.
Alexander the Great completes the Siege of Tyre. 6000 soldiers are killed in the city, 2000 Tyrians are crucified on the beach, and 30,000 are sold into slavery. Their leader Azemilkos is pardoned but deposed. Gerostratos of Arados presumably plays a part.
Kleomenes of Naukratis made satrap of Egypt by Alexander III.
Mazakes surrenders Egypt to Alexander the Great.
Mallos gives ships to aid Alexander III in the Siege of Tyre.
Alexander III deposes Straton as king of Sidon.
Methymna is recaptured by Hegelochos, general for Alexander III.
Antipater deals with a rebellion in Thrace under Memnon of Thrace.
Nikokreon becomes king of Salamis with either the death or removal of Pnytagoras.
Mazaios is ordered by Darius III to prevent Alexander III from crossing the Euphrates, but he doesn’t have the numbers to accomplish this.
Alexander the Great visits the Oracle of Ammon in the Oasis of Siwa, where he is pronounced the son of Zeus. Ptolemy I Soter accompanies him.
Philoxenos supervises the collection of tribute for Alexander III in the territories north of the Taurus Mountains.
Alexander I Molossos is killed at the Battle of Pandosia when he is betrayed by Lucanians.
Alexander the Great enters Babylon after defeating Darius III at the Battle of Gaugamela.
Alexander the Great sends an exploratory mission to the Arabian Peninsula while preparing for his campaign in Mesopotamia.
Kyrene sends offers of friendship to Alexander the Great in Egypt, but do not come under Macedonian control.
Zopyrion, a general of Alexander III left in charge of Thrace, unsuccessfully attempts to take Olbia.
Samaria is destroyed by Alexander III.
Tenedos defects to Alexander III, but is then taken and its walls destroyed by Persia.
Tenedos is taken by Hegelochos, a general under Alexander III.
King Agis III of Sparta revolts from Macedonia and besieges Megalopolis, forcing Antipater to act.
Ariarathid dynasty is founded by Ariarathes I.
Menes appointed hyparch of Phoenicia, Syria, and Cilicia.
March
Menander becomes satrap of Lydia.
April
Alexandria, Egypt founded by Alexander the Great.
April
Alexander the Great returns to Memphis and is informed that the oracles at Didama and Erythrai proclaimed him a son of Zeus.
May
Alexander the Great leaves Egypt in pursuit of the Persians.
October 1
Alexander the Great defeats Darius III at the Battle of Gaugamela. Mazaios serves on the right flank of Darius.
October 21
Mazaios surrenders Babylon to Alexander III and he enters triumphantly. Mazaios is appointed satrap of Babylon.
November
Antigenes wins second prize in a military contest held at Sittakene and becomes chiliarch (command of 1000 men) of the hypaspists (type of infantry soldier).
Menander sends 2,600 Lydian infantry and 300 cavalry to Alexander III.
326 BCE
Alexander the Great pardons Autophradates and restores honors to him.
Alexander the Great loots Persepolis.
Birth of Mithridates I Ctistes, who founded the Pontic Kingdom.
April
Antipater defeats the Spartans under Agis III at Megalopolis. The Macedonians take many casualties, but Agis is killed.
July
Darius III is killed by his satrap Bessos and his body left for Alexander the Great to find.
July
Alexander the Great stops at Hekatompylos.
December
Alexander III is victorious at the Battle of the Persian Gate. The battalion of Perdikkas is crucial in the matter.
Alexander the Great invades Baktria, defeating Bessus (the satrap of Bactria who declared himself king after Darius III’s death) and taking control of the region.
August
Alexandria Eschate founded by Alexander the Great as his furthest outpost.
Kleitos the White, as taxiarch, accompanies Perdikkas and Hephaistion to the Indos River.
Peithon assumes control over a battalian at the Hydaspes.
The remains of Alexander I Molossos are interred at Metapontion.
Archon serves as tirerarch of the Hydaspes fleet.
Ophellas commands a trireme on the Indus under Alexander III.
Death of Bas. Zipoetes I becomes King of Bithynia.
May
Alexander the Great defeats Poros at the Battle of the Hydaspes. His horse Bucephalus dies at its conclusion. Antigenes and Seleukos command hypaspists (special infantry) who cross the Hydaspes with Alexander.
Alexander III appoints Peithon satrap of India.
The Silver Shields founded in India by Alexander the Great with Antigenes as their commander.
Balakros is kiled while dealing with an insurrection by the Isaurians and Larandians.
Seuthes III revolts against Alexander III after his governor of Macedon, Zopyrion, is killed against the Getai.
The Akropolis is constructed in Kourion.
January
Peithon and Perdikkas accompany Alexander the Great against the Mallians.
Antiochos I Soter is born in Babylon to Seleukos and Apama.
Lysimachos is honored with a ceremonial crown for his actions in India.
Koinos arrives in Persia with mercenaries to support Alexander III.
Seleukos I Nikator marries Apama at the Susa weddings.
Amastris married to Krateros by Alexander the Great at the Susa Weddings.
Alexander the Great discharges wounded and elderly veterans at Opis, including Antigenes, Krateros, Polyperchon, and White Kleitos.
Alexander the Great orders Krateros to replace Antipater as regent of Macedonia.
Alexander the Great meets his admiral Nearchos at Susa.
The Spartan mercenary Thibron gathers exiles from Kyrene in Cretea and takes the city. However, one of his officers defects to the other side and he is ousted.
October
Death of Hephaistion, the best friend and probable lover of Alexander the Great.
Antigonos Monophthalmos refuses to aid Eumenes, which angers Perdikkas.
Eumenes is instructed by Perdikkas to take the satrapy from Ariarathes I.
Seleukos I Nikator heads the Companion Cavalry under Perdikkas.
Antigonos retains the satrapy of Phrygia after the death of Alexander.
Kardia is ruled by the tyrant Hekataios.
Ptolemy I Soter marries the Persian Artakama at Susa as ordered by Alexander III.
Lysimachos is appointed as the strategos of Thrace.
Kassander sent by Antipater to meet with Alexander III at Babylon in favor of a continued regency.
Philoxenos brings troops from Caria to Babylon.
Alexander III promises to look past the misbehavior of Kleomenes of Naukratis if he builds a large monument to Hephaistion.
Kleopatra offers her hand to Leonnatos, who accepts, but is killed before the wedding takes place.
Antipater barricaded in Herakleia Trachineia by Athens during the Lamian War.
Demarchos removed as satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia in favor of Leonnatos.
June
Alexander IV and Philip III are chosen in Babylon as co-sovereigns.
June 11
Alexander the Great dies in Babylon, sparking the Wars of the Diadochi among his generals. Before dying, he gives his signet ring to Perdikkas.
June 30
Partition of Babylon. Abydos and Adramytteion come under control of Leonnatos. Egypt with Alexandria and Gaza are under Ptolemy. Baktria comes under Seleukos I Nikator. Asandros obtains Caria. Laomedon receives Koele-Syria.
September
Kynane of Macedon hatches a plan to marry her daughter, Adea Eurydike, to Philip III. She is killed by Alketas, the brother of Perdikkas, in the process, but soldiers are so disgusted at the murder that they escort Adea to Babylon.
October
Adea Eurydike is married to Philip III, most likely in Babylon.
Dionysios puts up a statue of joy in Herakleia Pontika after the death of Alexander. Exiles attempt to persuade Perdikkas to remove him, but through flattery he is able to remain in power.
Perdikkas besieges Isaura Palaia. Its inhabitants set it on fire and burn their wives and children alive rather than submit them to slavery.
Perdikkas invades Cappadocia, captures Ariarathes I, then impales him and his followers.
Kleomenes of Naukratis put to death by Ptolemy I on suspicion of favoring Perdikkas.
Menander defects from Perdikkas to Antigonos Monophthalmos.
December
Alexander IV is born to Roxana in Babylon.
Chandragupta Maurya conquers the Nanda capital.
Capital of Magadha is besieged by Chandragupta Maurya.
Ptolemy I Soter marries Eurydike, the daughter of Antipater.
Lysimachos and Seuthes III fight to a draw and it appears make peace.
Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika marries Amastris, after her first husband Krateros divorces her to marry Phila, the daughter of Antipater.
Antipater and Krateros defeat Athens and the Aetolian League at the Battle of Krannon.
Athens and the Aetolian League leave their baggage at Melitaia before attacking Leonnatos.
Demetrios of Phaleron purchases the debts of the philospher Xenokrates of Kalchedon, saving him from slavery.
After years of service in the army, Agathokles gains popularity and starts to accumulate power in Syracuse, becoming involved in political conflicts.
Kleitos the White defeats the Athenian fleet near Amorgos.
Thibron returns to Kyrene and takes it again.
Philoxenos appointed by Perdikkas to replace Philotas as satrap of Cilicia.
Partition of Triparadisos. Abydos is given to Arrhidaios. Susa goes to Antigenes. Antipater is left in charge of Macedonia and is entrusted with Alexander IV and Philip III. Asandros is confirmed with Caria. Kleitos the White receives Lydia, replacing Menander. Laomedon is confirmed as satrap of Koele-Syria. Peithon is confirmed in Kophen. Seleukos receives Babylon.
Adea Eurydike nearly turns troops against Antigonos I Monophthalmos and Antipater at the Treaty of Triparidisos and take control over Alexander’s empire, but is eventually subdued by Antipater.
Antigonos Monophthalmos with Demetrios Poliorketes and Antipater forge an alliance.
Antigonos Monophthalmos tasked with eliminated Eumenes at the Partition of Triparadisus.
Kassander assigned by Antipater as chiliarch to Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Ptolemy diverts the funeral carriage of Alexander the Great to Alexandria. Archon may have colluded with him on this.
Lysimachos marries Nikaia, the daughter of Antipater.
Medeion maintains its independence from the Aetolian League, unlike many of their neighbors.
Construction of the Temple of Zeus is started at Stratos, but is never finished.
Antipater brings Roxana, Alexander IV, and Philip III with Adea Eurydike to Macedon.
Chandragupta Maurya attacks the Greek-Indian governors.
Approximate year of birth of Antigonos II to Demetrios Poliorketes and Phila.
Antigonos Monophthalmos sails to and secures Cyprus. He is given aid by Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika. Antigonos thus marries his nephew Ptolemaios to Dionysios’ daughter.
The forces of Attalos, Dokimos, and Alketas are defeated by Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Asandros faces Alketas and Attalos in a battle that is indecisive.
Demetrios Poliorketes occupies Larissa Kremaste while at war with Kassander.
Birth of son Klearchos to Amastris and Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika.
Approximate birth of Magas.
Apamea on the Axios founded as a Macedonian military camp with a name of Pella.
Seuthes III constructs Seuthopolis.
Lysippos creates relief metopes depicting Hercules’ trials for Alyzeia.
Antipater returns to Macedonia.
July
September
Adea Eurydike demands a share of the regency of Macedon after the death of Perdikkas.
Laomedon rejects an offer from Ptolemy I Soter to purchase Koele-Syria from him.
Adea Eurydike forges an alliance with Kassander against Polyperchon.
Adramytteion seized by Antigonos I Monophthalmos.
Arrhidaios, the governor of Hellespontine Phrygia, besieges Kyzikos, who are under Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos forces Termessos to give up Alketas. He then murders him and leaves.
Birth of Ptolemy Keraunos to Eurydike and Ptolemy I Soter.
Approximate birth of Pyrrhos.
Approximate year of marriage of Demetrios Poliorketes to Phila, the daughter of Antipater.
Antipater dies with Kassander at his side, but chooses Polyperchon as the new regent instead.
Birth of son Oxyathres to Amastris and Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika.
Polyperchon issues a decree to restore democratic governments in all cities to reduce the allure of Kassander. Those exiled due to this may return, with the exception of Amphissa, Pharkadon, Herakleia Pontika, Trikka, and Megalopolis.
Agathokles is born to Lysimachos and Nikaia.
Herakleitos of Pitane, son of Lysistratos, is honored for some reason in Delphi.
Adea Eurydike deposes Polyperchon, who was fighting elsewhere, and rules Macedon herself.
Antigonos Monophthalmos destroys the fleet of Polyperchon near Byzantion.
Kleitos the White escapes from Antigonos Monophthalmos and joins Polyperchon.
Death of Arrybas, father of Pyrrhos.
Ptolemy I Soter occupies Syria.
Death of Philip, father of Magas.
Chandragupta Maurya defeats the remaining Macedonian satrapies in northwestern India.
Kleitos the White, commanding the fleet of Polyperchon, decisively defeats Nikanor near Byzantion, then lands ashore to celebrate and is attacked by Antigonos Monophthalmos. The remnants of his fleet are destroyed by Nikanor. Kleitor the White escapes ashore where he is killed by men of Lysimachos.
Kassander appoints Demetrios of Phaleron to administer Athens.
Polyperchon fails to take Megalopolis in a siege, which emboldens other cities against him.
Philip III is executed by Olympias.
Agathokles seizes power in Syracuse by staging a coup. He establishes himself as a tyrant, eliminating his political rivals and ending the democratic government.
June
Polyperchon and Olympias march against Adea Eurydike. Adea’s soldiers refuse to fight against Alexander’s mother and switch to Olympias’ side. Adea is captured near Amphipolis.
October
Adea Eurydike is killed by Olympias, who offers her the choice of hemlock, a rope, or a sword. Adea chooses to hang herself with her own girdle.
Arsinoe II is born to Ptolemy I and his mistress Berenike.
Antigonos Monophthalmos defeats Eumenes at Gabiene by taking their baggage train and convincing the Silver Shields to hand Eumenes over. Antigenes is placed in a pit and burned alive.
Polyperchon flees to the Peloponnese and surrenders the regency to Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Seleukos I Nikator joins Antigonos Monophthalmos on his way to Susa.
Kassander marries Thessalonika, half-sister to Alexander III.
Kassander founds Kassandreia from Potidaia and Mende, founds Thessalonika, and rebuilds Thebes.
Estimated death year of Menander in Cappadocia.
The bones of Hector are moved from Ophryneion to Thebes to satisfy an oracle.
Agathokles of Syracuse begins a campaign to expand his territory in Sicily. He conquers several neighboring cities, including Gela and Messana.
March
Kassander completes the siege of Pydna and executes Olympias. Alexander IV and Roxana are imprisoned in Amphipolis.
April
The body of Adea Eurydike is transported back to Aigai by Kassander and buried with honors.
Much of the population of Akanthos is settled in the new city of Ouranopolis by Alexarchos.
Peithon is appointed by Antigonos Monophthalmos as satrap of Babylon in place of Seleukos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos sends his nephew Ptolemy to relieve the siege of Amisos by soldiers under Kassander.
Antigonos I Monophthalmos Declaration of Tyre grants autonomy to all Greek cities. While its effects weren’t the same everywhere, it allowed Delos to regain control of its Temple to Apollo from Athens.
Lysimachos, Seleukos, Ptolemy, and Kassander join against Antigonos Monophthalmos and Demetrios Poliorketes.
Pasikrates of Kourion rejects an alliance with Antigonos Monophthalmos and remains loyal to Ptolemy I Soter.
Pumiathon of Kition agrees to an alliance with Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos is received by Seleukos I Nikator in Babylon. When Antigonos demands income from the province, Seleukos flees to Ptolemy I Soter in Egypt.
Antigonos Monophthalmos destroys the original city of Nikaia and renames it Antigoneia.
Patara occupied and used as a naval base by Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos besieges Tyre.
Apollonides, a general of Kassander, takes Stymphalos.
Peithon is summoned by Antigonos Monophthalmos to Syria.
Antigonos Monophthalmos creates the Koinon of the Nesiotes, the first federation of the Cyclades Islands, with Delos as its common sanctuary.
Kassander driven out of Dyme by a general of Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Aristodemos, a general of Antigonos Monophthalmos, frees Patrai from its garrison of Kassander.
Tyre is taken by Antigonos Monophthalmos after a year.
Ptolemy I Soter gives Seleukos I Nikator a small fleet, which he uses to force Asandros to ally with Ptolemy. He also takes Erythrai and besieges Kition along with Menelaos.
Kassander seizes Dyrrhachion, but the garrison he leaves there is besieged and the city is retaken by Illyrians and Korkyra.
Stratos is occupied by Kassander to use as a base against the Aetolian League. He resettles people from elsewhere in Akarnania there.
Alexander, the son of Polyperchon, is assassinated in Sikyon. His wife Kratesipolis takes control of the city.
Demetrios Poliorketes leaves Peithon to guard Syria.
Kassander besieges Histaia, but is forced to leave upon the approach of Ptolemy, a general of Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos obtains control of Tralleis.
Lysimachos besieges and occupies Kallatis.
Seuthes III supports the revolt of Kallatis against Lysimachos but is defeated.
Odessos rebels against Lysimachos.
Orchomenos is taken by Kassander from Polyperchon.
Istros undergoes significant damage in a revolt by Pontic Greeks.
Kratesipolis wards off the army of Antigonos’ general Telesphoros from Sikyon.
Antigonos‘s son, Demetrios I suffers a major defeat at the Battle of Gaza against Ptolemy I and Seleukos I. Peithon is killed.
Pleistarchos serves as garrison commander in Chalkis.
Demetrios Poliorketes defeated at the Battle of Gaza by Ptolemy I Soter and Seleukos I Nikator.
Kassander again attempts to take Dyrrhachion until the city comes under the protection of Glaukias, king of the Illyrians. Kassope is also involved.
Seleukos I Nikator gains control of Babylon, founding the Seleukid Empire and beginning Babylon’s decline as a center of power as Seleukos establishes Seleukeia on the Tigris.
Edom (by now Idumea) comes under Ptolemaic rule.
Agathokles of Syracuse temporarily takes Kentoripai.
The peace treaty for the Third Diadoch War, agreed to by Ptolemy, Kassander, Lysimachos, and Antigonos, recognizes the rights of Alexander IV and states he will succeed Kassander in Macedon when he is of age. Antigonos Monophthalmos is now free to take on Seleukos I Nikator directly.
Demetrios Poliorketes defeats Killes, a general of Ptolemy I Soter, at the Battle of Myos.
Demetrios Poliorketes leads a campaign against the Nabataeans in Arabia, but is forced to withdraw.
Outbreak of the Agathokles War: The tyrant Agathokles of Syracuse invades North Africa, threatening Carthage but is ultimately repelled.
Agathokles‘ conflict with Carthage escalates. Agathokles faces a major invasion by the Carthaginian general Hamilcar, who besieges Syracuse. In a daring move, Agathokles decides to strike back by invading North Africa.
Polyperchon controls much of the Peloponnese, including Corinth and Sikyon.
Lysimachos subdues Kallatis and reaches a peace with Seuthes III.
Demetrios Poliorketes attempts to take Babylon from Seleukos I Nikator, but is defeated.
Agathokles launches his expedition to North Africa, landing near Carthage. His unexpected attack catches the Carthaginians off guard, and he achieves several victories on African soil. Agathokles declares himself king of Sicily during this campaign, marking a significant shift in his ambitions.
Kassander orders Alexander IV and Roxana to be executed. They are both poisoned.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos is born on Kos to Berenike I and Ptolemy I.
Antigonos Monophthalmos besieges and takes Phaselis.
Lysimachos obtains control over parts of Thrace, including Abdera. He destroys Kardia to provide inhabitants for Lysimachia.
Lysimacheia constructed by Lysimachos.
Kassander travels to Apollonia Pontika to enlarge his territories.
Kassander convinces Polyperchon to kill Herakles, the son of Alexander III with Barsine, then forms an alliance with him.
Enna opens its gates to Xenodicus under the hope of his promise of freedom.
Kleopatra accepts an offer of marriage from Ptolemy I from her base in Sardis. Antigonos Monophthalmos, who fears the union, executes her.
Agathokles persuades Ophellas of Kyrene to join him as an ally against Carthage. Agathokles at first receives him warmly, then attacks his camp unexpectedly, kills Ophellas, and claims his troops.
The painter Apelles, famous for his work at the Asklepion, dies on Kos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos founds Antigoneia in Syria.
Antigonos Monophthalmos gives Athens grain and timber and removes his garrison from Imbros, giving the island back to Athens.
Glaukias invades Epeiros and puts Pyrrhos on the throne.
Eunostos of Soloi marries Eirene, daughter of Ptolemy I Soter and Thais.
Demetrios Poliorketes takes Athens from Kassander and forces Demetrios of Phaleron to flee to Thebes.
Marriage of Demetrios Poliorketes to Eurydike, an Athenian noblewoman and the widow of Ophellas of Kyrene.
Seleukos I Nikator constructs Seleukeia on the Tigris.
After a prolonged campaign in North Africa and facing mounting difficulties, Agathokles abandons the African expedition.
Agathokles murders his two sons from his first wife.
Kephaloidion attacked and taken by Agathokles of Syracuse.
Alexandria Troas founded by Antigonos I Monophthalmos from the cities of Neandria, Skepsis, Hamaxitos, Kolone, Kebren, Larissa-Ptolemais, and Achilleion.
Antigonos Monophthalmos declares himself and his son Demetrios Poliorketes kings.
Demetrios Poliorketes captures Cyprus from Ptolemy I Soter and Menelaus – including Salamis, Kourion, Soloi, Paphos, and Amathos.
Lysimachos follows the example of the other Diadochi and proclaims himself king.
Demetrios Poliorketes attempts to enlist the help of Rhodes, but fails.
Kassander declares himself king along with other Diadochi.
Seleukos I Nikator proclaims himself king along with the other Diadochi, thus founding the Seleukid Kingdom.
Death of Dionysios at Herakleia Pontika. The kingdom is left to his wife Amastris.
Audoleon declares himself king of Paeonia after the other Diadochi do so.
A new theater is built at Ilion.
War erupts between Chandragupta Maurya and the forces of Seleukos I Nikator.
Ptolemy I declares himself Pharaoh and moves his capital to Alexandria, thus beginning the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
Birth of Arsinoe I to Nikaia and Lysimachos.
Demetrios Poliorketes besieges Rhodes and invents many new siege engines for the purpose (earning him the title ‘besieger’) but he fails and is forced to leave them. Knossos provides troops to support Rhodes.
Pleistarchos, Eupolemos and Kassander are defeated at the Diplyon Gate – the only double gate for Athens – by the Athenians while trying to re-install Demetrios of Phaleron.
Antigonos Monophthalmos attempts to join Lebedos to Teos, but the act is never completed.
Demetrios Poliorketes pushes Kassander out of Athens and chases him to Herakleia Trachineia, who submit to him.
Demetrios Poliorketes re-establishes the Corinthian League while at Athens.
Demetrios Poliorketes seizes Epidauros, Sikyon, Corinth, Bura, Argos, and Orchomenos.
Patara is used as a naval base by Demetrios Poliorketes during his siege of Rhodes.
Agathokles formally adopts the title of King of Sicily, consolidating his rule and securing recognition from other Hellenistic rulers. He strengthens his alliances, including with Ptolemaic Egypt and other Greek states.
Kentoripai taken by Agathokles of Syracuse.
Chandragupta Maurya and Seleukos I Nikator reach a peace agreement. The Hindu Kush, Punjab, and parts of Afghanistan go to Chandragupta. Seleukos receives 500 war elephants, which he uses to terrify his European enemies. There is also a marriage alliance.
Pleistarchos is expelled from Argos.
Kassander attempts to reach a peace with Antigonos Monophthalmos, who refuses.
Marriage of Demetrios Poliorketes to Deidamia, the sister of Pyrrhos.
Demetrios Poliorketes relocates Sikyon to a more defensible location.
Heraia joins the Aetolian League.
Pleistarchos sent by Kassander to join Lysimachos in the effort against Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Demetrios Poliorketes blockades the Hellespont, forcing Pleistarchos to turn back. Pleistarchos’ ship is destroyed in a storm on the way to Herakleia and he survives by clinging to the wreckage.
Dokimos switches allegiance from Antigonos to Lysimachos and helps the latter take Synnada.
Mithridates I is slain in Kios after appearing to shift his allegiance from Antigonos Monophthalmos to Kassander. He had also ruled Myrleia.
Lysimachos convinces Teos and Kolophon to surrender, but Klazomenai and Erythrai are reinforced by Antigonos and are not taken.
Kassander sends troops and a general to Lysimachos to aid him in taking territory of Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Lysimachos takes Sigeion by force from Antigonos I Monophthalmos.
Pyrrhos travels to a wedding with Glaukias and the Molossians retake the throne of Epeiros and re-install Neoptolemos. Pyrrhos joins his brother-in-law Demetrios Poliorketes in exile.
Abydos besieged by Lysimachos.
Adramytteion and Ephesos are taken by Prepalaos, a general under Lysimachos.
Lysimachos takes control of Herakleia Pontika and marries Amastris.
Halos is refounded by Demetrios Poliorketes.
Demetrios Poliorketes captures Larissa.
Thebai serves as a stronghold of Kassander against Demetrios Poliorketes.
Kleonymos of Sparta takes Korkyra, but doesn’t hold it for long.
Estimated foundation of Uranopolis by Alexarchos.
The Battle of Ipsos. Demetrios Poliorketes and Antigonos Monophthalmos are defeated by Seleukos I Nikator, Kassander (commanded by Pleistarchos), and Lysimachos. Antigonos is killed. Demetrios continues the Antigonid dynasty.
Amastris travels to Sardis with Lysimachos, who turns his attention to Arsinoe II. Amastris returns to Herakleia Pontika.
Antigonos Monophthalmos is defeated and killed at the Battle of Ipsus by the combined forces of Seleukos I and Lysimachos.
Antigoneia renamed to Alexandria Troas by Lysimachos.
Lysimachos appoints Philetairos commander of Pergamon, including its vast treasury.
Antigoneia is captured by Lysimachos and renamed Nikaia, in honor of his recently deceased wife.
Amaseia and Amisos are incorporated into the Kingdom of Pontus when Mithridates I Ktistes establishes the Pontic Kingdom. Amaseia is chosen as the capital, due to its strategic location in a defensible valley along the Iris River.
Aetolian League occupies Delphi.
Ariarathes II kills the Macedonian satrap and continues the Ariarathid dynasty, but is forced to accept Seleukid suzerainty.
Antigonos II installs the tyrant Kleon at Sikyon.
Eupolemos is believed to have served as a general under Pleistarchos in Mylasa.
Pleistarchos becomes a ruler in Caria.
Lysimachos marries Arsinoe II, the daughter of Ptolemy I.
Around this time, Lysimachos combined Achilleion with other communities around Ilion.
Demetrios Poliorketes ravages the territory of Lysimachos and takes Lampsakos twice without holding it.
Demetrios Poliorketes and Seleukos I Nikator reach a peace and Seleukos marries Demetrios’ daughter Stratonike.
Death of Deidamia, wife to Demetrios Poliorketes, in Cilicia from an illness.
The Macedonian camp of Pella is fortified by Seleukos I Nikator and renamed Apameia in honor of his wife Apama.
Seleukos I Nikator founds the city of Charax Spasinu (near modern-day Basra, Iraq) as a port city to facilitate trade between Mesopotamia and Arabia.
Seleukeia Piera is founded by Seleukos I Nikator.
Approximate birth year of Nikomedes I of Bithynia.
The Leonidaion is built at Olympia to house visitors.
Approximate birth year of Diodotos I.
May
Antioch founded by Seleukos I Nikator of the Seleukid dynasty.
Birth of Ptolemy Epigonos to Arsinoe II and Lysimachos.
Pyrrhos is taken as a hostage to Alexandria in an arrangement between Demetrios Poliorketes and Ptolemy I Soter.
Pyrrhos marries Antigone, the stepdaughter of Ptolemy I Soter, in Alexandria.
Korkyra is again besieged by Kassander, but Agathokles of Syracuse destroys his fleet.
Agathokles wages a series of successful campaigns against his enemies in Sicily, reasserting his dominance over the island. He continues to fortify Syracuse and build up its naval power.
Birth of son Lysimachos to Arsinoe II and Lysimachos.
Ptolemy I Soter provides Pyrrhos with funds to restore him to the throne of Epeiros.
Demetrios of Phaleron travels to the court of Ptolemy I Soter in Alexandria.
Demetrios Poliorketes besieges Athens, which comes under the tyranny of Lachares.
Approximate foundation of Seleukeia ad Kalykadnon. The inhabitants of Holmoi migrate there.
Estimated death of Chandragupta Maurya.
Approximate date when Dyrrhachion comes under the control of Pyrrhos of Epeiros.
Agathokles marries his daughter Lanassa to Pyrrhos of Epeiros.
Korkyra is provided as dowry to Pyrrhos by Agathokles of Syracuse for the marriage of his daughter, Lanassa.
Approximate year of marriage of Eurydike, daughter of Lysimachos, to Antipater IV.
The Battle of Sentinum occurs, where a coalition of Romans defeats a confederation of Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, and Gauls.
First mention of Aesernia, when it was already under Rome.
Antiochos I Soter marries his stepmother Stratonike, after Seleukos divorces her for that purpose.
Antigonos II seizes Macedonia from Alexander V.
Birth of son Philip to Arsinoe II and Lysimachos.
Audoleon, Pyrrhos, and Lysimachos form a coalition against Demetrios Poliorketes after his murder of Alexander V.
Amathos, Soloi, and Salamis become part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt under Ptolemy I Soter. They are incorporated into the Ptolemaic administrative system, as Cyprus becomes a strategic naval and commercial hub for the Ptolemies.
Agathokles marries Lysandra, the daughter of Ptolemy I Soter and Eurydike.
Lysimachos agrees to peace agreement with Demetrios Poliorketes where Demetrios is recognized as the ruler of Macedonia.
Demetrios I Poliokcetes of Macedon gains control over Amphipolis.
Demetrias founded by Demetrios I Poliorketes, who moved the inhabitants of Neleia, Pagasai, Ormenion, Rhizos, Sepias, Olizon, Boebe, and Iolkos to create it.
Demetrios Poliorketes takes control of Athens and pardons its citizens for their resistance to him.
Demetrios Poliorketes murders Alexander V and takes the throne of Macedonia.
Seleukos I Nikator takes Cilicia from Demetrios Poliorketes.
Estimated death of Pleistarchos. Eupolemos succeeds him at Mylasa.
Seleukos I Nikator declares his son Antiochos I Soter co-ruler.
Birth of Apama II to Stratonike and Antiochos I Soter.
Antigonos II remains in Greece where he squashes a revolt by Boeotia while Demetrios Poliorketes moves to seize the territories of Lysimachos.
Ephesos comes under Lysimachos, who forces everyone to move to a new settlement that he names after his wife Arsinoe.
Agathokles is sent by Lysimachos against the Getai, but he is taken prisoner.
Lysimachos attacks the Getae but is defeated by Dromichaetes and taken prisoner. He is then released.
Lysimachos moves the entire population of Lebedos to Ephesos.
Demetrios Poliorketes and Antigonos II take Thebes after a siege. Huge siege engines are used to break its walls.
Demetrios Poliorketes marries Lanassa, the former wife of Pyrrhos and daughter of Agathokles of Syracuse.
Lanassa leaves Pyrrhos for Demetrios Poliorketes and attempts to transfer ownership of Korkyra to him.
Estimated death of Alexarchos.
Monounios becomes king of Illyria.
Maximian makes plans to attack Carausius in Britain, but for unknown reasons those plans fail.
287 BCE
Demetrios I Poliorketes organizes the Fifth Sacred War against the Aetolian League‘s occupation of Delphi, but is pushed out with the help of Pyrrhos.
Agathokles dies of natural causes at the age of 72. On his deathbed, he decides not to pass his power to his descendants, attempting to restore a democratic government in Syracuse.
Pyrrhos, Ptolemy I Soter, and Lysimachos push Demetrios Poliorketes out of Macedonia.
Smyrna is renamed to Eurydikeia by Lysimachos in honor of his daughter Eurydike.
After the death of Agathokles of Syracuse, Phintias declared himself leader of Akragas.
Pyrrhos takes Beroea and the army of Demetrios Poliorketes deserts him. At news of the defeat, Phila, the mother of Antigonos II, commits suicide by poison.
Demetrios I Poliorketes loses control of Macedon, including Amphipolis, to Lysimachos.
Agathokles is sent by Lysimachos against Demetrios I Poliorketes and successfullly dislodges him from Lydia and Caria.
Lysimachos imprisons his daughter Eurydike and murders her husband Antipatros IV after constant complaints.
Thebes allies itself with Lysimachos and the Aetolian League.
Demetrios Poliorketes besieges Athens but is unsuccessful.
Lysimachia severely damaged by an earthquake.
Birth of Antiochos II Theos to Stratonike and Antiochos I Soter.
Demetrios Poliorketes invades Cilicia in a bid to take it back from Seleukos I Nikator.
Demetrios Poliorketes surrenders to Seleukos and is taken prisoner. Pyrrhos and Lysimachos divide Macedonia, leaving Antigonos II without a kingdom.
Lysimachos pushes Pyrrhos out of Macedonia.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos exiles Demetrios of Phaleron to Upper Egypt due to his support for Ptolemy Keraunos.
Approximate marriage year of Arsinoe I, daughter of Lysimachos, to Ptolemy II Philadelphos.
Lysimachos executes his son Agathokles for treason, and Ephesos revolts as a result.
Amastris is drowned by her two sons, Klearchos and Oxyathres. The two brothers take over Herakleia Pontika.
March 28
Ptolemy I Soter declared Ptolemy II Philadelphos king and co-regent.
Ptolemy II takes power in Alexandria. He is believed to have founded the Library of Alexandria.
Demetrios Poliorketes dies while imprisoned by Seleukos I Nikator. Antigonos II Gonatas continues the Antigonid dynasty.
Agathokles is executed by Lysimachos. There are many versions, but one is he was poisoned by Arsinoe II at Lysimachos’ urging. Others implicate Ptolemy Keraunos.
Lysimachos returns to Herakleia Pontika and is initially warm to Klearchos and Oxyathres, then kills them for drowning their mother and allows the city to return to democracy.
At the Battle of Lake Vadimonis, the Romans decisively defeat the Boii and other Gallic tribes, significantly weakening Gallic power in northern Italy.
Approximate year for the death of Demetrios of Phaleron, reportedly by a poisonous snake, in Upper Egypt.
Arsinoe II begs Lysimachos to let her have Herakleia Pontika. He eventually relents, and she installs Herakleides of Kyme, who becomes tyrant.
Philetairos deserts Lysimachos and offers Pergamon to Seleukos I Nikator. This begins the Kingdom of Pergamon.
Tios regains its autonomy.
The Romans under Gaius Fabricius Luscinus defeat Lucanians and Bruttians who had besieged Thourion.
May
Death of Ptolemy I Soter. Ptolemy II Philadelphos becomes the sole king of Egypt.
Antiochos I Soter is forced by a rebellion in Syria to make peace with Ptolemy Keraunos and give up Macedonia and Thrace.
Kebren is possibly refounded by Antiochos I Soter as Antiocheia.
The ashes of Seleukos I Nikator are burned by Antiochos I Soter at Seleukeia Piera.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos executes two of his brothers.
Antigonos II marches against Ptolemy Keraunos to retake Macedonia, but is defeated.
Assassins are sent to kill Arsinoe II in Ephesos after the death of her husband. She escapes to Kassandreia after using a decoy.
The Athamanians are conquered by Pyrrhos of Epeiros.
Lysimachos defeated at the Battle of Coropedion. Adramytteion, Ainos, and Abydos come under control of the Seleukid Empire. Ephesos returns to its original name.
Seleukos I Nikator besieges Sardis without success.
A Sixth Sacred War is led by King Arios of Sparta, in an effort to dislodge the Aetolian League from Delphi, but is defeated.
Mithridates I Ctistes declares himself king of the Pontic Kingdom.
March
When news of the death of Lysimachos reaches Herakleia Pontika, they seize the tyrant Herakleides, appoint Phokritos as governor, and make overtures to Seleukos.
July
Zipoetes, the first ruler in the Bithynian dynasty, lays waste to the territory around Herakleia Pontika.
September
Seleukos I Nikator is murdered by Ptolemy Keraunos while praying. Antiochos I Soter becomes king of the Seleukid Empire.
City of Ai-Khanoum is founded by Antiochos I Soter.
Ptolemy Keraunos tricks Arsinoe II into marrying him. He promises her two young sons succession rights, but then murders them on their wedding day.
Arsinoe II escapes from Ptolemy Keraunos and exiles herself to Samothrace.
Pyrrhos makes an alliance with Ptolemy Keraunos, then arrives in Italy to aid Tarentum.
Pyrrhos defeats Rome in the Battle of Heraclea.
The Aetolian League obtains Herakleia Trachineia, giving them control over the pass of Thermopylae.
Death of Ariarathes II. His son Ariaramnes continues the Ariarathid dynasty.
Bagadates I founds the Frataraka dynasty of Persis.
Dyrrhachion comes under the control of King Monounios.
The Aetolian League along with Antigonos II Gonatas defeat an invasion of Gauls.
During the Macedonian Interregnum, Antipater Etesias is declared king after the death of Ptolemy Keraunos. He is deposed after 45 days by Sosthenes, a military officer.
Monounios wages a war against Ptolemy Keraunos while allied with Ptolemy Epigonos.
Pyrrhos again defeats Rome in a costly victory at the Battle of Asculum.
Larissa Phrikonis is burnt to the ground by Galatian raiders.
Death of Phintias tyrant of Akragas.
February
Gauls led by Bolgius invade Macedon from the north. Rather than waiting for his full force, Ptolemy Keraunos attacks and is defeated. His head is placed on a spike.
The Gauls invade the Seleukid Empire under Antiochos I Soter.
Arsinoe II arrives at the court of her brother, Ptolemy II Philadelphos.
Philetairos provides food and aid to Kyzikos against invading Gauls.
Nikomedes I obtains the throne of Bithynia from his father Zipoetes I.
Amphipolis falls under the control of Antigonos II Gonatas after his victory over the Gauls at the Battle of Lysimachia.
Antigonos II defeats the Gauls at the Battle of Lysimacheia.
Antigonos II defeats Sosthenes, who ran Macedonia during the Macedonian Interregnum.
Nikomedes I provides the Gauls the ability to cross into Asia. They in turn help him kill his brother Zipoetes II.
Foundation of the Kingdom of Tylis.
Magas refuses to submit to Ptolemy II Philadelphos and declares himself king of Kyrene.
Antigonos II drives Ptolemy Epigonos out of Macedonia.
Antiochos I Soter defeats the Gauls using Indian war elephants.
First Syrian War begins between Antiochos I Soter and Ptolemy II Philadelphos. It did not change either kingdom much.
Forces of Ptolemy II Philadelphos invade Nubia and annex some territory.
December
Antigonos II has control over most of Macedonia.
Pyrrhos and Rome fight to inconclusive results at the Battle of Beneventum. Pyrrhos returns to Epeiros.
Marriage of Magas to Apama II.
The inhabitants of Babylon are moved to Seleukeia on the Tigris.
Tyre becomes a republic.
Hiero II seizes power in Syracuse.
The inhabitants of Bura assassinate their tyrant and join the Achaian League.
Magas joins an alliance with Antiochos I, and each attacks Ptolemy II Philadelphos and Egypt from a different side. Magas is forced to call off his attack due to an internal revolt in Libya.
Arsinoe I, who had clashed for some time with Arsinoe II, is charged with conspiracy by Ptolemy II Philadelphos and exiled to Koptos.
Arsinoe II marries her brother Ptolemy II Philadelphos.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos promotes his wife/sister Arsinoe II to divine status.
Pyrrhos of Epiros attacks Argos, which is helped by Antigonos II, and is killed there when an old woman throws a brick on him.
Antigonos II installs the tryant Aristippos the Elder at Argos.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos founds a new city named Arsinoe, named for his wife Arsinoe II, on the ruins of Marion.
Aurelian marries Ulpia Severina.
Aristodamos the Good is installed as Tyrant of Megalopolis by Antigonos II Gonatas.
Death of Arsinoe II in Egypt. Ptolemy II Philadelphos creates a cult for her.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos clears up the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos founds the city of Arsinoe on the Gulf of Suez.
Antiochos I Soter lays the foundations for the Ezida Temple in Borsippa.
Antiochos I Soter puts his eldest son Seleukos to death for rebellion.
Ptolemy Epigonos is co-regent with Ptolemy II Philadelphos.
Athens is convinced by Chremonides to join Sparta in declaring war on Antigonos II.
Birth of Berenike II to Apama II and Magas.
Antigonos II blockades Athens and destroys a temple to Poseidon between it and Megara. Ptolemy II sends a fleet to break the blockade.
Death of Mithridates I Ctistes of the Pontic Kingdom. Ariobarzanes of Pontos becomes king.
Antigonos II installs the tyrant Abantidas at Sikyon.
Nikomedes I founds the city of Nikomedia.
First Punic War begins between Rome and Carthage over control of Sicily.
A colony with Latin rights is settled in Aesernia by Rome after the defeat of the Samnites.
Eumenes I becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Pergamon after the death of Philetairos.
Kentoripai submits to Rome.
Antiochos I Soter is defeated while attempting to retake Pergamon by the Attalid Eumenes I in a battle near Sardis.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos sends Ptolemy Epigonos to Miletos on business.
Athens and Sparta make peace with Antigonos II, who maintains his hold on Greece.
The Spartans under Akrotatos invade Megalopolis, but are defeated by Aristodamos the Good. Akrotatos is killed.
261 BCE
The mathematician Apollonios is born in Perge.
Ptolemy II‘s interference in Greece results in war with Antigonos II.
June 2
Death of Antiochos I Soter. Antiochos II Theos becomes king of the Seleukid Empire.
The city of Arsinoe in Cilicia is founded by Ptolemy II Philadelphos on land taken from Nagidos.
Roman troops near Thermai Himeraiai are attacked by Carthage under Hamilcar and defeated.
Murder of Orontes III of Sophene. His son Sames continues to rule.
Believed coronation of Arsames I of Sophene. He may have co-ruled initially with his father Sames.
Approximate foundation of Laodikeia ad Lycon by Antiochos II in honor of his wife, Laodike.
258 BCE
Antiochos II Theos of the Seleukid Empire fights the Second Syrian War against Ptolemy II Philadelphos of Egypt. Arados takes the side of Antiochos.
Antiochos II signs an agreement with Antigonos II against Ptolemy II and the Second Syrian War begins.
Ptolemy Epigonos and the tyrant Timarchos of Miletos revolt against Ptolemy II Philadelphos.
Miletos is taken by Antiochos II Theos and its tyrant Timarchos is killed. The rebellion with Ptolemy Epigonos against Ptolemy II Philadelphos ends.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos terminates the co-regency with Ptolemy Epigonos and gives him the city of Telmessos to rule.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos invades Syria.
Kos comes under Antigonos II Gonatas.
The Second Syrian War ends. Ptolemy II cedes land to Antiiochos II and Antigonos II remains in mastery of Greece. Antiochos II takes control over Ephesos, Samos, and Miletos.
The navy of Ptolemy II Philadelphos is defeated by Antiochos II Theos at Ephesos.
After the death of his father Nikomedes I, Ziailas returns to take over Bithynia after taking refuge with Arsames I.
Ariarathes III becomes a joint king with Ariaramnes of Cappadocia.
The Romans Aulus Atilius Calatinus and Scipio Nasica take Kephaloidion by treachery.
October
Death of Stratonike at Sardis.
July
Ptolemy II Philadelphos travels to Memphis and distributes reclaimed land near there to his soldiers.
Antiochos II Theos marries Berenike, the daughter of Ptolemy II Philadelphos.
Antigonos II installs the tyrant Paseas at Sikyon.
Aristodamos the Good, the tyrant of Megalopolis, is assassinated and the city returns to a democracy.
Antigonos II installs the tyrant Nikokles at Sikyon.
Aratos of Sikyon removes the tyrant Nikokles, who Antigonos II had installed. Antigonos II attempts to bribe Aratos but is unsuccessful.
Stratos is taken by the Aetolian League.
Death of Leon of Paeonia. Dropion becomes king.
Diodotos I, the Seleukid satrap of Baktria, declares independence from the Seleukid Empire, establishing the Greco-Baktrian Kingdom.
Approximate death of Bagadates I. Ardaxšir I becomes the King of Persis.
Dyrrhachion comes under the control of King Argon of the Ardiai, who fortifies it.
Attalos attacks the forces of the usurper Adaios and defeats him, then engages in friendly negotiations with Lampsakos, Alexandria Troas, and Ilion, all of which had remained loyal to him.
Alexander, the son of Krateros, rises in revolt against Antigonos II. Alexander is poisoned.
Seleukeia Piera is captured by Ptolemy III Euergetes.
Antiochos III besieges Kypsela until the locals join his army.
January 28
Death of Ptolemy II Philadelphos. Ptolemy III becomes king.
July
Antiochos II Theos dies, potentially by poisoning. Seleukos II Kallinikos becomes King of the Seleukid Empire.
Antigonos II regains control over Corinth.
Lydiades becomes tyrant of Megalopolis.
Andragoras declares his independence from the Seleukid King Seleukos II.
Abydos and Ephesos conquered by Ptolemy III of Egypt.
Possibly the end of the rule of Sames of Sophene, though it may have ended earlier. Arsames I likely continues his rule.
Aratos of Sikyon takes Acrocorinth. The inhabitants of Corinth rise up against Antigonos II.
Megara expels is Macedonian garrison and joins the Achaian League.
The Aetolian League invades the Peloponnese and takes Pellene.
Romans elevate Kentoripai to a free city due to their loyalty.
Thermai Himeraiai is besieged and taken by Rome.
Death of Ptolemy Epigonos in Telmessos. His son Lysimachos rules the city.
Epidauros suffers in the wake of the Kleomenean War, but the sanctuary and city are quickly restored.
The poet Aratos, who wrote a poem on the constellations, dies in Pella.
Antigonos II dies. Demetrios II becomes king of Macedon and continues the Antigonid dynasty.
Orchomenos is taken by Kleomenes III of Sparta.
The Parni under the command of Arsakes I invade Parthia and kill Andragoras.
Hamilcar Barca begins the Carthaginian expansion in Iberia (Spain), establishing a base for Carthage’s later campaigns.
The Parhi tribe takes Hekatompylos and makes it a capital of the Parthian Empire.
Death of Diodotos I, probably due to natural causes. His son Diodotos II becomes king of the Greco-Baktrian Kingdom.
Arsames I founds the cities of Arsamosata and Arsameia in Sophene.
Orchomenos switches from the Aetolian League to the Achaian League.
Lydiades steps down as tyrant of Megalopolis and joins the city to the Achaian League.
A temple to Astarte is erected in Kition.
The Aetolian League is attacked by Illyria.
The Aetolian League besieges Medeion, but are defeated by reinforcements sent by Demetrios II of Macedon.
Dyrrhachion comes under Queen Teuta after the death of her husband, Agron.
Hermione ruled by tyrant named Xenon.
Pyrrha is destroyed by an earthquake and according to Pliny is swallowed by the sea.
Death of Ariaramnes, king of Cappadocia. His son Ariarathes III continues the Ariarathid dynasty.
The Achaean League takes control of Aegina, but it is soon captured by Rome.
Korkyra is occupied by Illyrians under Demetrios of Pharos.
Romans are allowed to take part in the Isthmian Games of Corinth.
Death of Demetrios II of Macedon. Antigonos III Doson continues the Antigonid dynasty.
The Illyrians under Queen Teuta are defeated by the Romans and Dyrrhachion is placed under Demetrios of Pharos.
Aratos of Sikyon takes the Acrocorinth and frees Argos. Xenon steps down in Hermione.
Rome liberates Korkyra from the Illyrians and declares the city free and a Roman protectorate.
Orikos becomes part of the Roman protectorate of Illyricum.
Ziailas is killed by Galatians. His son Prusias I becomes king of Bithynia.
Death of Arsames I of Sophene. His son Xerxes becomes king.
The Spartans under King Kleomenes III defeat the Achaian League under Aratos of Sikyon (and including Argos and Megalopolis) in the Battle of Dyme.
An earthquake destroys Kamiros.
The Battle of Telamon occurs. The Romans, under the leadership of Gaius Atilius Regulus and Lucius Aemilius Papus, decisively defeat an invading coalition of Gauls, including the Boii, Insubres, and Gaesatae.
Euthydemos I defeats Diodotos II and becomes king of the Greco-Baktrian Kingdom.
Sparta returns Pellene to Achaia after an intervention by Macedon.
December
Seleukos II Kallinikos dies after falling from his horse. Seleukos III Keraunos becomes king of the Seleukid Empire.
Mantineia is sacked by Antigonos III Doson. The city is handed over to Aratos of Sikyon, who repopulates it and renames it to Antigonia.
Megara leaves the Achaian League and joins the Boeotian League.
Orchomenos is occupied by the Macedonians under Antigonos III Doson, who places a garrison there.
The walls around the lower city in Perge are constructed.
June
Seleukos III Keraunos is assassinated by members of his own army. Antiochos III the Great becomes king of the Seleukid Empire.
Tegea is taken by Antigonos II Doson and annexed to the Achaian League.
Death of Ptolemy III. Ptolemy IV becomes King of Egypt.
Death of Ardaxšir I, who had strengthened local autonomy of Persis. Vahbarz becomes king.
Death of Antigonos III Doson. Philip V continues the Antigonid dynasty.
216 BCE
The Lyttian War is fought between an alliance led by Knossos and one led by Polyrhenion. On the side of Knossos were Rhodes, the Aetolian League, and Kydonia. On the side of Polyrhenion were Lyttos, Macedon, and the Achaian League.
Kleitor repulses an attack by the Aetolian League.
Eleutherna triggers the Lyttian War by accusing Rhodes of murdering their leader Timarchos.
Mithridates II unsuccessfully attempts to take Sinope, which is helped by Rhodes.
Construction of the Library of Pergamon begins.
Death of Ariarathes III. His son Ariarathes IV continues the Ariarathid dynasty as King of Cappadocia.
Achaios declares himself king of the region including Laodikeia ad Lykon.
Ambrakia is besieged by Philip V of Macedon, Phytia taken, and Metropolis is burned during the Social War between the Achaean League and the Aetolian League, of which Ambrakia is a member.
Philip V spends the summer at Larissa.
Carthaginian general Hannibal attacks Saguntum in Iberia, leading to the Second Punic War with Rome.
Antiochos III recaptures Seleukeia Pieria.
The Romans defeat the Illyrians again in the Second Illyrian War and Dyrrhachion comes under Roman control.
Selge is besieged by Achaios and sue for peace after supplies dwindle.
All of Tegea, except the Akropolis, is taken by the Spartan general Lykorgos.
The meeting of the Achaian assembly is transferred from Aigion to Sikyon.
Gauls invade the Troad and besiege Ilion. Alexandria Troas dispatches an army of 4000 and relieves the siege.
Battle of Cannae: Hannibal of Carthage defeats a large Roman army, inflicting one of Rome’s worst defeats.
Antiochos III besieges Sardis but fails to take its akropolis.
Hieronymos becomes king of Syracuse.
Pinarius, the governor of Enna, worries that the city will defect from the Romans. He therefore uses the garrison to massacre its citizens in the theater.
Syracuse is besieged by Rome.
Achaios, who ruled over the territory including Laodikeia ad Lykon, is defeated by Antiochos III.
Antiochos III transports 2000 Jewish families from Babylon to Laodikeia ad Lykon.
Antiochos III defeats Xerxes of Sophene, then marries him to his sister, who assassinates Xerxes. Zariadres is installed in Sophene.
Tylis is destroyed by Thracians.
Syracuse is finally taken by Rome. Archimedes is killed.
Metapontion allies itself with Hannibal.
The Romans under Marcus Valerius Laevinus take Zakynthos except for the citadel.
Rome retakes Akragas and renames it to Agrigentum.
Death of Vahbarz of Persis. Bagadates II is believed to have succeeded him.
Death of Mithridates II of Pontos. He is succeeded by his son Mithridates III.
A Roman army under Sulpicius Puplius and the Aetolian League ravages Sikyon before being pushed out by Philip V.
The Roman general Sulpicius sacks Dyme and sells its population as slaves.
Scipio Africanus conquers Qart Hadasht and renames it to Carthago Nova.
Antiochos III of the Seleukid Empire campaigns in Baktria but eventually agrees to a peace with Euthydemos I, the Greco-Baktrian king, recognizing the kingdom’s independence.
The head of the Macedonian garrison in Histaia betrays the city to the Romans.
Kios and Myrleia destroyed by Philip V, which enrages the Aetolian League.
Philip V persuades Kalchedon and Lysimachia to break from the Aetolian League.
The Romans remove a large black meteorite(?) from Pessinos to Rome as part of introducing the Cult of the Great Mother of Ida to Rome to counter an alarming number of meteor showers.
July
Ptolemy IV dies, maybe from a fire at the palace. Ptolemy V becomes King of Egypt.
Battle of Zama: Roman general Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal in North Africa, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is forced to surrender and pay heavy reparations to Rome.
Countryside around Adramytteion pillaged by Philip V of Macedon.
Philipoemen is invited to Gortyna and takes control of its military.
Soldiers of Philip V construct a defensive fort on Kythnos.
197 BCE
Troops the Athamanes and the Aetolian League camp near Pharkadon, but are attacked by troops of Philip V and pushed away.
A vaulted archway to the Olympic Stadium is constructed in Olympia.
Larissa Kremaste taken by Lucius Apustius.
Romans assault and take Histaia.
Thyrrheion becomes the new capital of Akarnania.
The Getai besiege Istros and are bribed to withdraw.
Hekatompylos is the capital of the Arsakid Dynasty.
Death of Bagadates II of Persis. Autophradates I succeeds him.
Akanthos attacked by a fleet of Romans and the Pergamene Kingdom in the Second Macedonian War.
The Aetolian League attempt to take Metropolis after Philip V retreats, but they are repulsed.
Karystos is taken by the Romans, and due to its marble quarries becomes an important center.
Elataia is attacked and taken by the Romans.
The Romans under T. Quinctius Flamininus besieges Atrax, but fail to take it.
After the Romans take Phaloria, Kierion and Metropolis surrender their cities and are not attacked.
The Aetolian League aids Rome in defeating Philip V in the Battle of Cynoscephalae. Philip pauses for a day at Gonnos for troops who had survived the battle. Several hundred soldiers from Gortyna participate on the Roman side.
Rhodes re-takes Stratonikeia.
Lysimachia is destroyed by Thracians.
Lycia, including Phaselis, is overrun by Antiochos III.
Titus Quinctius Flamininus unsuccessfully attempts to take Thebai.
The Romans declare Peparethos a free city.
Larissa becomes the headquarters of the Thessalian League.
Sestos surrenders to Antiochos III.
Antiochos III rebuilds Lysimachia.
The Romans seize Demetrias and put a garrison in the town.
Antiochos III captures Patara and makes it the capital of Lycia.
The city of Rome was deified in Smyrna as the goddess Roma.
Hannibal escapes to Tyre from the Romans.
Death of Euthydemos I of the Greco-Baktrian Kingdom. Demetrios I becomes king.
Hipponion becomes a Roman colony with the name of Vibo Valentia.
A roman colony is established at Thourion.
Metropolis and Kierion are taken by Antiochos III in the Roman-Seleukid War.
Antiochos III, desiring to meet Rome in battle, is detained by the cities of Alexandria Troas, Smyrna, and Lampsakos, which refused entreaties.
Chalkis used as a base by Antiochos III for invading Greece.
Aetolians are besieged in Herakleia Trachineia by Acilius Glabrio. After 21 days the town is taken.
Antiochos III takes Atrax, by then a Roman stronghold, and Medeion.
Metropolis and Kierion agains surrender their cities to the Romans, this time under Manius Acilius Glabrio.
Antiochos III refortifies Sestos in preparation for a Roman attack.
Marcus Baebius Tamphilus takes Phakion.
Rome under Marcus Fulvius Nobilior conquers Zakynthos.
The Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio sack Lamia.
Livius is sent to Anatolia and the cities of Miletos, Myndos, Halikarnassos, Knidos, and Kos are friendly.
Antiochos III is defeated by Scipio Asiaticus at the Battle of Magnesia. Through treaty, Ephesos comes under the Attalids. Alabanda comes under Roman control.
Sestos surrenders to Gaius Livius Salinator.
Antiochos III orders the inhabitants of Lysimachia to abandon their city.
The mathematician Apollonios dies in Perge.
Artaxias founds the Artaxiad dynasty.
Approximate death of Mithridates III of Pontos. He is succeeded by Pharnakes I of Pontos.
Ambrakia captured and plundered by the Romans under Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, then declared a free city. Argos Amphilochikan is used as his base.
Korkyra is ruled by a Roman prefect.
Same destroyed by Fulvius Nobilior.
Kranion surrenders to the Romans without resistance.
The Athamanians are freed from the Macedonians by King Amynander.
The consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso defeats Tabai, who had blocked his path, and fines them.
Gnaeus Manlius Vulso travels through Synnada on an expedition against the Galatians.
Treaty of Apamea. Euromos, Laodikeia ad Lykon, Sestos, and Abydos returned to the Kingdom of Pergamon.
New city walls are constructed in Pergamon.
Estimated end date of the rule of Zariadres of Sophene. His son Mithrobouzanes takes over.
Antiochos III the Great is killed while pillaging at temple of Bel at Elymais. Seleukos IV Philopator rules the Seleukid Kingdom.
Ainos is declared a free city by the Romans.
Kydonia and Polyrhenion capture Phalasarna.
Priansos and other cities in Crete sign an alliance with Eumenes II of Pergamon.
Prusias I, King of Bithynia, dies. He is succeeded by his son Prusias II.
Suggested end of reign of Demetrios I of the Greco-Baktrian Kingdom. Euthydemos II becomes king.
Pharnakeia is founded by Pharnakes I of Pontos.
September
Ptolemy V is believed to have been poisoned by his courtiers. Ptolemy VI becomes King of Egypt.
The last king of that Athamanians, King Selipos, resists the Romans.
Death of Philip V, King of Macedon. Perseus continues the Antigonid dynasty.
The Bastarni people destroy Istros.
Mallos and Tarsos ally against Antiochos IV Epiphanes.
September 3
Seleukos IV Philopator is killed by a bureaucratic Helidoros. Antiochos becomes king of the Seleukid Kingdom.
Possible end of the reign of Euthydemos II of the Greco-Baktrian Kingdom. Eukratides I becomes king.
Menander I succeeds in expanding Greco-Baktrian control into northwestern India, reaching the peak of Greco-Baktrian influence.
Armies of Eumenes II and the Romans sack Abdera.
Polyrhenion and Kydonia capture Apollonia.
Death of Ardaxšir II of Persis, which becomes part of the Sasanian Empire.
Death of Antiochos of the Seleukid Kingdom. Antiochos IV becomes king.
Aretas I is king of the Nabataeans.
The Romans under Aemilius Paulus destroy the cities of the Athamanians and Kassope.
Amphipolis becomes the capital of one of the four meris created by Rome out of Macedon.
Pella is sacked by Romans.
June 22
July
Philip of Macedon, after being defeated at the Battle of Pydna, stops briefly at Galepsos before heading to Samothrace.
Lycia, including Phaselis, and Caria, including Stratonikeia, are given its freedom from Rhodes by Rome.
During the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleukids, tensions increase between the Jewish population and Idumeans, who are caught between the Seleukids and the Hasmoneans.
The Pergamon Altar is constructed.
Rhodes becomes a permanent client state of Rome.
Ptolemy VI and Kleopatra II are expelled from the Egyptian throne by Ptolemy VIII.
November
Antiochos IV dies at Isfahan while on the way home from an unsuccessful campaign. Antiochos V Eupator becomes king of the Seleukid Kingdom.
Kyrene is established as a separate kingdom by Ptolemy VIII after he is banished.
Death of Ariarathes IV, King of Cappadocia. His son Ariarathes V continues the Ariarathid dynasty.
Ptolemaios, initially the satrap of Commagene, declares its independence.
Last recorded confirmation of the rule of Mithrobouzanes of Sophene, though it’s believed his rule lasted longer. This is believed the end of the Kingdom of Sophene.
The people of Egypt riot against Ptolemy VIII and reinstate Ptolemy VI.
Antiochos V Eupator is put to death. Demetrios I Soter becomes king of the Seleukid Kingdom.
Death of Artaxias I. His son Artavasdes I continues the Artaxiad line.
Judah Maccabee is killed in the Battle of Elasa. His brother Jonathan continues the revolt.
The Library at Pergamon reaches its peak form.
Approximate date when Nagidos is abandoned, possibly due to pirate activity.
Approximate death of Pharnakes I of Pontos. Mithridates IV of Pontos becomes king.
Alexander Balas gives Tyre the right to asylum.
Attalaia is founded by Attalos II.
Death of Mithridates IV of Pontos. Mithridates V becomes king.
June
Demetrios I is killed by Alexander Balas, who becomes the Seleukid king.
Third Punic War begins after Roman accusations of Carthaginian breaches of treaty terms.
Prusias II is killed by his son Nikomedes II, who becomes King of Bithynia.
Korkyra is attached to the Roman province of Macedonia.
A major earthquake strikes Antioch. Alexander Balas aids in the rebuilding.
Thessalonika made the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia.
Death of Kamnaskires I, founder of the Kingdom of Elymais. We do not know when he founded it. Kamnaskires II becomes king.
Destruction of Carthage: Roman forces led by Scipio Aemilianus capture and destroy Carthage, ending the war. The city is burned, and its survivors are sold into slavery.
141 BCE
Adiabene conquered by the Parthian king Mithridates I.
Eukratides I is murdered by his son while on the way back from India. Eukratides II becomes king of the Greco-Baktrian kingdom. Heliokles I becomes king.
Ptolemy VI dies from wounds in battle in Syria. Ptolemy VIII is invited to take the throne of Egypt.
August
Alexander Balas is defeated by Ptolemy VI and Demetrios II, who becomes the Seleukid king.
Jonathan is killed by Diodotos Tryphon. His brother Simon continues the Hasmonean Dynasty.
Apamea on the Axios becomes the primary base for the usurper Diodotus Tryphon.
The Parthians capture Babylon, further diminishing its prominence as they establish their own empire.
Seleukeia on the Tigris comes under Parthian rule.
Praisos is burned down by Hieropytna.
End of reign of Kamnaskires II of Elymais. The kingdom comes under control of the Parthians, but a possible usurper Okkonaspes takes the throne.
Diodotos Tryphon is either killed or commits suicide. Antiochos VII Euergetes takes the Seleukid throne.
July
Demetrios II Nikator is taken prisoner by the Parthians. Diodotos Tryphon becomes the Seleukid king.
Tigraios succeeds or takes the throne of Elymais.
February
Simon and two of his sons are assassinated at a banquet. John Hyrkanos continues the Hasmonean Dynasty.
Enna is at the center of the First Servile War.
Samos sides with the pretender Eumenes III against Rome.
End of reign of Tigraios of Elymais, leading into a period of uncertainty.
Stratonikeia leads a revolt of cities against Rome.
Yuezhi tribes (future Kushans) conquer Baktria, ending the Greco-Baktrian Kingdom and beginning the era of Kushan dominance in the region.
Death of Ariarathes V, King of Cappadocia. His wife Nysa had killed five of her six children so she may become queen, but the remaining son, Ariarathes VI, kills her and continues the Ariarathid line.
Death of Ptolemaios of Commagene. He is succeeded by his son Sames II Theosebes Dikaios.
Methymna allies formally with Rome.
126 BCE
Manius Aquillius is governor of Asia and rebuilds the road from Adramytteion to Smyrna.
Tralleis is punished by Rome for supporting the pretender Eumenes III by losing the privilege to mint coins.
Darius Soter is king of Elymais.
Antiochos VII Euergetes is killed in the Battle of Ekbatana by Phraates II. Demetrios II Nikator retakes the Seleukid throne.
Death of Nikomedes II. His son Nikomedes III becomes King of Bithynia.
Tyre adopts its own calendar.
Pittit, possibly a usurper against the Parthians, is attested as King of Elymais.
The Romans found a colony at Skylletion.
June 11
Death of Hyspaosines. His queen’s juvenile son Apodakos continues the Characene Kingdom.
Alexander II Zabinas is defeated and killed by Antiochos VIII, who takes the Seleukid throne.
The Roman Senate authorizes the establishment of a new Roman colony, Colonia Junonia, on the site of Carthage, though it is soon abandoned.
Tigranes I is named co-regent of Armenia in the Artaxiad dynasty.
Death of Mithridates V of Pontos. Mithridates VI becomes king.
Ariarathes VI is murdered by Mithridates VI. Cappadocia is then seized by Nikomedes III of Bithynia. Mithridates then takes the kingdom back and installs Ariarathes VII, this ends the Ariarathid line.
June 28
Death of Ptolemy VIII. He is succeeded in Egypt by Ptolemy IX.
The Roman proconsul Q. Fabious Maximus quells an uprising in Dyme against Roman rule.
Death of Artavasdes I of Armenia. He is succeeded by his brother Tigranes I in the Artaxiad line.
Death of Samos II Theosebes Dikaios, who had constructed the fortress at Samosata. He is succeeded on the throne of Commagene by his son Mithridates I Kallinikos.
John Hyrcanus destroys Samaria.
Odessos places itself under Mithridates VI.
Birth of Deiotaros of Galatia.
Death of John Hyrkanos. Aristobolos I continues the Judean Kingdom.
Last Characene coinage attributed to Apodakos. We don’t know what happened in terms of succession.
Death of Aristobolos I. Alexander Jannaios becomes the ruler of Judea.
Aretas II becomes King of the Nabataeans.
Mithridates VI executes Ariarathes VII, King of Cappadocia, and installs his own nine-year-old son, Ariarathes IX, as King of Cappadocia.
July 12
Birth of Julius Caesar.
Possible year that Maues founds the Indo-Skythian Kingdom.
Alexander Jannaios besieges Gaza for a year, then kills all the inhabitants and destroys it.
Kyrene becomes part of the Roman Empire.
End of the reign of Aretas II. Obodas I becomes the Nabataean King.
Antiochos VIII Grypos is killed by his minister Heraklaion. His brother Antiochos IX becomes the Seleukid king.
Antiochos IX Kyzikos is killed by Seleukos VI, who becomes the Seleukid king.
Death of Tigranes I of Armenia in a snowstorm. His son Tigranes II becomes king and continues the Artaxiad line.
After a brief kingship of the brother of Ariarathes VI, Ariarathes VIII, Rome orders Ariarathes IX deposed, then lets the citizens choose Ariobarzanes I as king of Cappadocia.
Coinage commences from Tiraios I of Characene. We only know him from coins.
Death of Nikomedes III of Bithynia. His son Nikomedes IV succeeds him.
Seleukos VI Ephiphanes, a Seleukid king, is killed during riots.
Gaius Julius Caesar, the father of Julius Caesar, serves as proconsular governor of Asia.
An earthquake attested by Jewish sources destroys Apamea.
Aesernia is defended in the Social War against the Samnites by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, but is driven by famine to surrender.
Pella is destroyed by an earthquake.
Straton’s Tower (later named Caesaria Maritima) is captured by the Judean king Alexander Jannaios.
Termination of coinage of Tiarios I. We know nothing of the Characene succession.
Chalkis is used by Mithridates VI for invading Greece.
Mithridates VI‘s troops take Delos and ransack it.
With the help of Mithridates VI, the inhabitants of Kaunos kill all Romans in their city.
Mithridates VI stays for some time at Stratonikeia and marries one of its citizens.
Athens is sacked by the Romans.
The Samnites are defeated by Rome in the Social War. Because it had defected, Aesernia is severely punished and deserted by Sulla.
Mithridates VI makes Pergamon his headquarters of his war against Rome.
Patara is besieged by Mithridates VI.
The Sanctuary to Asklepios at Epidauros is looted by Sulla.
Sulla robs the artifacts of Olympia to pay for the war.
Taxiles, a general of Mithridates VI, attempts to take Elataia but the city successfully resists. The Romans declare Elataia a free city in gratitude.
Ephesos returns to Roman rule and is taxed harshly by Sulla.
Sulla destroys Larymna after a victory at Orchomenos.
Ilion is destroyed by Sulla.
Ptolemy son of Mennaios becomes tetrarch of Iturea and Chalcis.
End of the Nabataean reign of Obodas I. Rabbel I possibly rules for one year.
Death of Julius Caesar‘s father.
Sulla makes Apamea in Phrygia a local capital.
The sanctuary at Samothrace is pillaged by corsairs.
Sulla uses Kypsela as a base while Mithridates uses Pergamon, and between these places they meet.
Aretas III becomes King of the Nabataeans.
Marriage of Julius Caesar to Cornelia.
Soloi is sacked by Tigranes the Great.
Sulla orders Julius Caesar to divorce Cornelia, but he refuses. Julius Caesar goes into hiding.
The Kingdom of Elymais is restored by the Parthians. Kamnaskires III becomes king with Anzaze.
Lucullus undertakes the Siege of Mytilene. Julius Caesar serves with him.
August 5
Berenike III is promoted by Ptolemy IX to co-regent of Egypt.
Julius Caesar serves in the staff of the governor of Asia, Marcus Minucius Thermus.
Julius Caesar spends time in Bithynia and is a guest of Nikomedes IV.
Sulla uses the Olympic Games at Olympia to celebrate his victory over Mithridates VI.
Ilion suffers an attack by pirates.
Berenike III installs Ptolemy XI as co-regent of Egypt. He then murders Berenike III and is subsequently lynched in Alexandria. Ptolemy XII becomes king.
December
Death of Ptolemy IX. Berenike III rules Egypt alone.
Beginning of Characene coinage of Tiraios II, who is known only from his coins.
Upon learning of the death of Sulla, Julius Caesar returns to Rome.
Elymais under Kamnaskires III is defeated by the Parthian Orodes I. Kamnaskires is allowed to remain king.
The pirate Zekenites, based in Phaselis, is defeated by Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus.
Birth of Julia to Cornelia and Julius Caesar.
Death of Alexander Jannaios at the Siege of Ragaba. Queen Salome continues in Judea.
Julius Caesar travels to Rhodes to study with Apollonius Molon.
While on his way back from Rhodes, Julius Caesar is intercepted and ransomed by pirates.
Isaura Palaia is destroyed for a final time by the Roman Servilius Isauricus. A new city was eventually built elsewhere and called Isaura Nea.
Death of Kamnaskires III of Elymais. An unknown successor takes over.
Deiotaros of Galatia assists the Romans against Mithridates VI.
Vonones I becomes the ruler of Sakastan.
Cicero serves as questor of Sicily at Syracuse.
Julius Caesar enlists in the effort to pull troops from the provinces for the Third Mithridatic War.
Kyzikos is defended by the Romans against a siege by Mithridates VI.
Ilion sides with the Roman general Lucullus against Mithridates VI.
Kyrene receives its first Roman governor, Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus.
Julius Caesar is inducted into the most prestigious order of priests.
The Roman general Lucullus sacks Apollonia Pontika and takes Kallatis.
Nikaia, along with the rest of Bithynia, comes under Roman control.
Thourion is taken by Spartacus.
Julius Caesar serves as a military tribune but is not believed to have seen battle.
Rome declares Termessos an independent city.
Death of Mithirdates I Kallinkos, King of Commagene. His son Antiochos I Theos succeeds him.
Julius Caesar serves as quaestor.
Death of Cornelia, wife of Julius Caesar, possibly from childbirth.
Delos destroyed again by pirates under Athenodoros, an ally of Mithridates VI.
King from Adiabene participated in the Battle of Tigranocerta on the side of Tigranes the Great.
Julius Caesar, during his campaigns in Greece, visits the sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidauros.
Julius Caesar marries Pompeia, granddaughter of Sulla.
The Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus conquers Crete, incorporating it into the Roman Republic. Eleutherna, along with Gortyna, Knossos, and Kydonia, come under Roman rule
Romans sent to counter piracy destroy Phalasarna.
Death of Salome, who had led Judea into prosperity. Her son Hyrkanos II becomes ruler.
Tigranes II surrenders his kingdom to Pompey the Great, who allows him to remain king.
Julius Caesar is elected in charge of the maintenance of public buildings and public festivals.
Pompey travels to Phasis where his Euxine fleet is based.
Phanagoria, Nymphaion, Chersonesos, and Theodosia revolt against Mithridates VI.
Seleukeia on the Issos (Rhosos) is annexed by Rome.
Julius Caesar is elected Pontifex Maximus, the head of the state religion.
Julius Caesar is elected praetor.
Following the defeat of Mithridates VI by Pompey the Great, Amastris, Amisos, and Amaseia are integrated into the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus.
Gaza incorporated into the Roman Empire and rebuilt by Aulus Gabinius.
Ariobarzanes I abdicates as King of Cappadocia. His son Ariobarzanes II becomes king.
Approximate year when Pompey rewards Deiotaros for his assistance against Mithridates VI by making him King of Galatia. Pessinos loses its sacred status.
Mithridates VI attempts suicide but fails because he has built up a tolerance. He then requests his body guard to kill him by sword. Pharnakes II becomes king of the Pontic Kingdom.
The lands belonging to Attalaia and Olympos, previous havens of pirate activity, are put up for sale by the Romans.
The Romans declare Straton’s Tower (later Caesaria Maritima) a free city.
September 23
Gaius Octavius Thurinus (later Augustus) is born in Rome. He is the son of Gaius Octavius, a senator and governor, and Atia, the niece of Julius Caesar.
After a man slips into a female-only party held by Pompeia, Julius Caesar divorces her, under the pretense that his wife must be above suspicion.
The Roman Flaccus confiscates 45 kg of gold intended for the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem at Apamea in Phrygia.
The Bastarni people defeat the Roman consul Gaius Antonius Hybrida at Istros.
Pompey rewards Ilion for its loyalty.
Kamnaskires IV becomes king of Elymais.
Aretas III dies and is entombed in the Treasury at Petra. Obodas II becomes king of the Nabataeans.
Julius Caesar is appointed governor of Hispania Ulterior.
Julius Caesar, in desperate need of money, campaigns against the Callaeci and Lusitani, seizes northwestern Spain, and obtains enough plunder.
After his conquests in Spain, Julius Caesar returns to Rome and is forced to choose between a triumph and a consulship. He chooses a consulship.
Julius Caesar serves in his first consulship, with Crassus.
Death of Augustus‘ father.
End of the short rule of Obodas II over the Nabataeans. Malichos I becomes king.
January 30
Birth of Livia Drusilla.
April
Julius Caesar marries his daughter Julia to Pompey to seal the First Triumvirate.
Beginning of Julius Caesar‘s campaigns in Gaul.
Gaius Octavius’s father dies. His mother, Atia, marries Lucius Marcius Philippus, a former consul.
Ptolemy XII is forced to exile in Rome. Berenike IV and Kleopatra VI rule Egypt.
March
Julius Caesar defeats the Helvetti at the Battle of Bibracte.
Julius Caesar defeats the Nervii at the Battle of the Sabis.
King Ptolemy XII Auletes retires to Ephesos when the Roman Senate refuses to reinstate him to the throne.
Latest end date for Maues’ reign as the king of the Indo-Skythian Kingdom.
Death of Vonones I of Sakastan. Spalahores becomes ruler.
Lucius Marcius Philippus, the stepfather of Augustus, is made a consul.
The hippodrome is completed in Antioch and fits 80,000 fans.
Julius Caesar oversees the construction of a bridge across the Rhein.
Julius Caesar undergoes an expedition into Britain.
Pompey and Crassus are elected consuls and extend Julius Caesar‘s command in Gaul.
Approximate year that Olbia is sacked by the Getae under Burebista.
Mithridates III, the reigning monarch of the Parthians, is defeated by Orodes II at Seleukeia on the Tigris.
Death of Tigranes II, King of Armenia. His son Artavasdes II becomes king.
End of reign of Kamnaskires IV of Elymais.
Ptolemy XII is restored to the throne of Egypt.
Julius Caesar leaves Britain the face the Eburones and Belgae, who had destroyed a Roman legion. He lures them into battle and defeats them.
The Battle of Carrhae, in which the Parthians defeated the Romans. solidifies Parthian influence in Mesopatamia, including Adiabene.
August
Death of Julia, daughter of Julius Caesar and wife to Pompey, from a miscarriage.
Julius Caesar writes his Commentaries on the Gallic War.
The Roman general Crassus sacks the temple at Manbog on his way to the Parthians.
June
Crassus is killed by the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae, crashing the alliance between him and Pompey and Julius Caesar.
Julius Caesar is defeated the Battle of Gergovia by Vercingetorix of the Averni.
Julius Caesar forces the surrender of Vercingetorix of the Averni at Alesia.
May 31
Kleopatra VII, the daughter of Ptolemy XII, is installed by him as co-regent of Egypt.
Death of Augustus‘ grandmother, Julia, who raised him. She was the sister of Julius Caesar.
Julius Caesar completes the subjugation of Gaul.
Ariobarzanes II is assassinated by Parthians. His elder son Ariobarzanes III becomes king of Cappadocia.
March 22
Latest date for the death of Ptolemy XII of Egypt. Kleopatra VII now rules alone.
Cicero arrives at Alyzeia and writes a letter to his friend Tiro.
Cicera holds legal sessions at Laodikeia ad Lykon.
46 BCE
Apameia on the Axios remains under siege by Julius Caesar until Cassius’ arrival.
Deiotaros of Galatia allies with Pompey over Julius Caesar.
December 1
Cicero promotes to disarm Pompey and Julius Caesar in order to avoid war. The motion receives much support, but does not pass because the meeting is dissolved by a consul.
January 7
The Roman Senate votes Julius Caesar an enemy.
January 11
Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon.
June
Julius Caesar defeats two of Pompey’s legates at the Battle of Ilerda.
Julius Caesar visits the region following his victory over Pharnaces II (son of Mithridates VI) at the Battle of Zela (near modern-day Zile, close to Amaseia). He reportedly utters the famous phrase “Veni, vidi, vici” (“I came, I saw, I conquered”) after his swift victory.
47 BCE
Amisos falls to Pharnakes II after a long resistance. Julius Caesar recognizes this and declares the city’s freedom.
Pompey forces Julius Caesar to retreat at the Battle of Dyrrhachion.
Julius Caesar, having been repulsed at Dyrrhachion, arrives at Gomphoi but they bar their gates. He takes the city by force.
Julius Caesar bestows benefactions on Ilion.
Megara, besieged by the Romans under Quintus Fufius Calenus, attempt to unleash lions on the Romans. The lions instead attack unarmed Megarians.
Cessation of Characene coinage of Tiraios II.
August 9
Julius Caesar defeats Pompey decisively at the Battle of Pharsalos.
September 29
Pompey arrives in Alexandria and is killed.
October 2
Julius Caesar arrives in Alexandria and supports Kleopatra VII over her brother, Ptolemy XIII.
November
Julius Caesar starts an affair with Kleopatra.
Julius Caesar founds a colony in Aesernia to house veterans of his conflict with Pompey.
Julius Caesar visits Aigai during his campaign in the east. He also visits Antioch and declares its freedom.
Julius Caesar lays siege to Alexandria.
December
Julius Caesar and Kleopatra are besieged in Alexandria by Ptolemy XIII and Arsinoe IV.
Julius Caesar quickly defeats Pharnakes II of the Kingdom of Pontus at Zela, leading to the famous phrase “veni, vidi, vici.”
Julius Caesar pardons Deiotaros for siding with Pompey.
Julius Caesar founds a colony names Colonia Julia Felix at Sinope.
Cassius Longinus schemes to kill Julius Caesar at Tarsos.
Pharnakes II retreats north and takes Pantikapaion and Theodosia.
Rule of Artabazos of Characene for one year. Attambelos I then becomes king.
Pharnakes II, king of the Pontic kingdom, dies in battle against Asander. His daughter Dynamis becomes queen.
March
The forces of Julius Caesar are relieved in the Siege of Alexandria.
April
Julius Caesar defeats Ptolemy XIII at the Battle of the Nile.
June 23
Birth of son Caesarion to Kleopatra and Julius Caesar.
Julius Caesar refounds Carthage as Colonia Julia Carthago, establishing it as a Roman colony and initiating new construction.
Julius Caesar defeats Juba of Numidia.
Julius Caesar publishes his book on the civil war.
January 4
Julius Caesar defeated by Titus Labienus at Ruspina in Africa.
April 6
After initially being surrounded, Julius Caesar wins the Battle of Thapsus.
June
Julius Caesar returns to Italy from Africa.
September
Julius Caesar celebrates four triumphs in Rome.
Octavius joins Julius Caesar in Hispania (Spain) during Caesar’s campaign against the sons of Pompey.
Deiotaros accused by his grandson of trying to kill Julius Caesar while he was staying in Galatia. Cicero defends him.
March 17
Julius Caesar narrowly defeats Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius at the Battle of Munda.
The inhabitants of Akragas and Syracuse receive full Roman citizenship after the death of Julius Caesar.
Julius Caesar refounds Corinth as a Roman colony, Colonia Laus Iulia Corinthiensis. Dyme is also refounded as a colony.
February
Julius Caesar is declared dictator for life.
March 15
Julius Caesar is assassinated. In his will, Caesar adopts Octavius as his son and heir, naming him Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian).
Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus form the Second Triumvirate, a political alliance aimed at avenging Caesar’s assassination.
A Roman colony is started at Potidaia.
Marc Antony seizes 200,000 scrolls from the Library at Pergamon and gifts them to Kleopatra for the Library at Alexandria.
Livia marries Tiberius Claudius Nero.
Cassius plunders the temples of Laodikeia ad Lykon.
Brutus and Cassius march through Maroneia, Lysimachia, and Kardia to the Gulf of Melas.
Peparethos is gifted by Marc Antony to Athens.
The Roman Cassius Longinus has Ariobarzanes III executed. His brother Ariarathes X becomes King of Cappadocia.
Deiotaros of Galatia switches his support to the triumvirs.
Telos is conquered by the Romans.
October 23
November 16
Tiberius born to Livia and Tiberius Claudius Nero.
Naxos comes under Roman rule, who use it as a place of exile.
Marc Antony declares Thessalonika a free city.
Octavian marries Scribonia, who gives birth to his only biological child, Julia the Elder.
An army under the Pompeian general Quintus Labienus and Partians briefly occupy Apameia on the Axios.
Quintus Labienus and his Parthian troops besiege Stratonikeia.
Labienus takes Mylasa during the Roman Civil War, causing great damage.
Death of Ptolemy son of Mennaios. His son Lysanias becomes tetrarch of Iturea and Chalcis.
Sextus Pompey attacks Thourion but fails.
Quintus Labienus takes Alabanda with a Parthian force. His men are then slaughtered by the inhabitants, but the Parthians then loot the city.
Sagalassos given to the Galatian king Amyntas.
January 17
Octavian divorces Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, despite her being pregnant with her previous husband’s child.
Marc Antony comes to Arados in search of money and is vigorously opposed.
Marc Antony installs the tyrant Strato in Amisos.
Knossos becomes a Roman colony named Colonia Iulia Nobilis.
Rome removes Ariarathes X, King of Cappadocia, and replaces him with Archelaos.
September 3
Death of Spalahores of Sakastan. Spalagadames becomes ruler.
Artavasdes II is arrested by Marc Antony. His son Artaxias II becomes King of Armenia.
Ephesos serves as a naval base for Marc Antony and Kleopatra.
Lysanias, tetrarch of Iturea and Chalcis, is put to death by Marc Antony.
The Second Triumvirate ends. Octavian begins a propaganda campaign against Mark Antony, accusing him of betraying Rome by allying with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt.
Malichos I has a bitter rivalry with Kleopatra VII, resulting in his failing to show up for the Battle of Actium, a victory for Octavian.
Artavasdes II is decapitated by Kleopatra VII after he refuses to bow to her.
Tarkondimotos is killed fighting under Sosius against Agrippa. His sons desert the cause of Marc Antony.
Antiochos I Theos, the king of Commagene, is killed by the Parthian king Phraates IV. He is succeeded by his son Mithridates II.
September 2
Octavian‘s forces defeat Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.
October
Octavian (later Augustus) enters Alexandria and annexes Egypt into the Roman Empire. Cleopatra VII commits suicide, ending the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
Straton’s Tower is given to Herod I, who renamed it to Caesarea Maritima in honor of Augustus.
Augustus makes Dyrrhachion a colony for veterans of the Battle of Actium.
The Dacian king Burebista takes Istros.
Death of Malichos I of Nabataea. Obodas III becomes king.
August 10
Crassus undertakes a military campaign against the Bastarni and annexes Istros.
The population of Stratos is moved to Nicopolis.
Thebes is included in the new province of Achaia.
January 16
Octavian is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. He becomes the first Roman Emperor.
The Pontic Kingdom is officially annexed to the Roman Empire. Amaseia is no longer the capital because it is reorganized into the province of Galatia.
On the death of Amyntas, king of Galatia, Rome turns Pisidia – including Sagalassos, Side, and Kremna – into a separate province of Galatia.
The Romans build the Via Sebaste linking Perge with Pisidia.
Theonesios I, likely a son of Attambelos I, ascends the throne as a co-ruler of Characene.
Augustus falls seriously ill and nearly dies. He arranges for his political succession by granting more power to his trusted lieutenant, Agrippa.
Zenodoros, son of Lysander, becomes tetrarch of Iturea and Chalcis.
Herod I begins construction of the harbor at Caesarea Maritima.
Zenodoros suffers a ruptured intestine and dies, ending the tetrarchy of Iturea and Chalcis.
Death of Mithridates II of Commagene. His son Mithridates III continues as ruler.
The rules of Attambelos I and Theonesios I of the Characene kingdom are interrupted by a foreign ruler.
Attambelos II becomes king of the Characene kingdom.
An earthquake causes damage in Kourion.
May 24
Birth of Germanicus to Antonia the Younger and Nero Claudius Drusus.
October 7
Birth of Drusus Julius Caesar to Tiberius and Agrippina.
July 4
Ara Pacis Augustae constructed in Rome to honor the return of Augustus.
Death of Mithridates III of Commagene. Antiochos III becomes king.
August 1
Claudius born to Drusus and Antonia Minor.
Drusus, the father of Claudius and Germanicus, dies in Germania after falling off a horse.
Death of Obodas III of Nabataea. Aretas IV becomes king.
Death of Tigranes III of Armenia. His son Tigranes IV and daughter Erato resume the Artaxiad line.
Roman Italy established by Augustus with the name ‘Italia’.
Komama is founded.
Augustus is given the title Pater Patriae (Father of the Country) by the Senate.
Tigranes IV is killed in battle. His sister Erato continues running Armenia.
Death of Lucius, grandson to Augustus and an heir to the Roman Empire with his brother Gaius.
The sanctuary to Asklepios in Epidauros‘ infrastructure is upgraded with new Roman baths and improved facilities for visitors.
Ariobarzanes II of Atropatene is installed as King of Armenia.
Death of Gaius, grandson to Augustus the sole remaining heir to the Roman Empire.
Ariobarzanes II is killed in a conspiracy. His son Artavasdes III becomes King of Armenia.
Drusus married to his cousin Livilla.
June 26
After the death of Gaius Caesar, Augustus considers making Germanicus his heir. Livia persuades him to choose Tiberius, and Augustus does so on condition that Tiberius adopt Germanicus.
Judea, including Edom, becomes a Roman province. Caesarea Maritima replaces Jerusalem as the capital.
Artavasdes III is killed by his subjects. He is succeeded by his son Tigranes V and Erato, who continues running Armenia.
Livy hired to tutor Claudius in history.
Germanicus becomes a quaestor.
Germanicus helps Tiberius suppress a rebellion by the Pannonians and Dalmatians.
The Arch of Pavia is erected to honor the Imperial family. While Germanicus is present, Claudius is on the edge and may have been inscribed by himself later.
Tiberius and Germanicus achieve victories over the Breuci.
Death of Queen Dynamis, thus ending the Pontic line.
Claudius is engaged to Furia Livia Medullina Camilla, but she dies on their wedding day.
Tiberius and Germanicus push into Dalmatia and achieve victories.
Germanicus returns to Rome and is honored with a triumphal insignia and the rank of praetor.
Completion of rule of Attambelos II of the Characene kingdom. Abinergaos I takes power during roughly this time.
September 8
Three Roman legions are destroyed under Varus in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, causing Augustus severe angst.
November 17
Vespasian is born in Italy.
Drusus serves in the office of quaestor.
Germanicus and Tiberius dispatched to protect the Empire against the Germans.
Tiberius and Germanicus, with help from the Marcomanni, prevent the Germans from crossing the Rhein.
Tigranes V and Erato are overthrown in Armenia, thus ending the Artaxiad dynasty. Augustus appoints Vonones I of Parthia as King.
October 23
Tiberius holds a triumph for the victory over the Pannonians and Dalmatians. Germanicus also features heavily in the festivities.
Augustus appoints Germanicus as commander of forces in the Rhein.
Augustus adopts his stepson, Tiberius, as his heir, ensuring a smooth transition of power.
Claudius appeals to his uncle Tiberius for public office, but is rebuffed.
Germanicus massacres villages of the Marsi and achieves significant victories over the Germanic tribes.
August 19
Augustus dies in Nola, Italy, at the age of 75. He is succeeded by Tiberius.
September 18
Drusus sent to deal with rebelling legions on the Rhein who had not received promised bonuses from his father Tiberius.
September 26
Drusus reaches the Pannonian legions, arranges a peace with them, and executes their leaders.
Odessos is annexed to the province of Moesia.
Drusus holds the consulship.
The temple at Pessinos is constructed.
January 1
The Senate votes a triumph for Germanicus.
March
Germanicus crosses the Rhein, defeats the Chatti, and sacks their capital Mattium.
May
Germanicus attacks and defeates the Bructeri and recovers one of the lost eagle standards from the Battle of the Teutoberg Forest.
September 24
Birth of Vitellius in Italy.
Germanicus inflicts a heavy defeat on Arminius and the Germanic tribes at the Battle of the Weser River.
King Archelaos dies, and his kingdom, including Elaiussa Sebaste, is annexed by the Roman Empire under Emperor Tiberius. This ends the Cappadocian kingdom.
Death of Tarkondimotos II. The Kingdom of Cilicia comes under Roman rule.
Death of Antiochos III of Commagene. Tiberius decides to integrate the kingdom into the Roman Empire.
Drusus is appointed governor of Illyricum.
Magnesia ad Sipylum is heavily damaged by an earthquake.
May 26
Germanicus is given a triumph in exchange for his return to Rome.
Germanicus granted the eastern part of the empire.
Drusus attacks the Marcomanni and storms their stronghold.
Germanicus dies in Antioch.
January
Germanicus arrives in Egypt to greate acclamation.
October 10
Germanicus dies from illness or poison and Drusus becomes the new heir.
October 10
Birth of twin sons Tiberius Gemellus and Germanicus Gemellus to Drusus and Livilla.
Tiberius mentions the Praetorian prefect Sejanus to the Senate in equal terms to Drusus, which alarms the latter.
May 28
The Senate votes Drusus an ovation for his success in Illyricum and with the Marcomanni.
Drusus holds the consulship with his father Tiberius.
April
Drusus receives the very high honor of tribunicia potestas.
Last attested mention of Abinergaos I of the Characene Kingdom.
The Praetorian prefect Sejanus engages in an affair with Livillia, the wife of Drusus.
September 14
At the urging of Sejanus, Livillia poisons her husband Drusus and kills him.
Claudius divorces Urgulanilla on suspicion of adultery and murder of her sister-in-law. She gives birth after the divorce but Claudius repudiates the baby.
Caesareia Maritima undergoes civil disobedience in reaction to Pontius Pilate’s order to place eagle standards on the Temple Mount.
Claudius marries Aelia Paetina, perhaps the daughter of Sejanus.
Death of Livia.
Vespasian obtains a minor magistracy post in Rome as head of street cleaning. Caligula, most displeased at his efforts, stuffs muck down his toga.
36 CE
Queen Helena and her son Monobaz of Adiabene convert to Judaism.
November 8
Nerva is born in Narni.
October
Claudius divorces Aelia Paetina after Sejanus is executed.
Emperor Caligula visits Greece and shows interest in the Greek sanctuaries, including that of Asklepios at Epidauros.
An earthquake destroys much of Antioch. The city is rebuilt by Caligula.
First coins of Attambelos III of the Characene Kingdom appear.
March 16
Death of Tiberius. Caligula becomes emperor. Claudius is elevated to the position of consul, serving as a nominal co-ruler in some ceremonies.
Vespasian succeeds at becoming a tribune.
Approximate year of marriage of Vespasian to Domitilla.
Claudius marries Valeria Messalina
Violence between Jews and Greeks in Alexandria over the visit of King Agrippa I results in numerous synagogues being desecrated.
Caligula decides to restore the Kingdom of Commagene. Antiochos IV becomes king.
December 15
Birth of Nero to Agrippina the Younger.
Vespasian is promoted to praetor.
Agripinna, the mother of Nero, is implicated in a failed plot to kill Caligula. Her property is taken and she is exiled to a remote island. Nero goes to live with his paternal aunt.
Construction of the Temple of Zeus Lepsinos begins in Euromos.
Death of Aretas IV of Nabataea. He is succeeded by his son Malichos II.
Death of Domitius, father of Nero.
January 24
Caligula is assassinated in a conspiracy. Claudius attempts to hide but is found and taken to a Praetorian camp where he is soon hailed as Emperor.
February 12
Birth of son Britannicus to Claudius and Valeria Messalina.
Vespasian distinguishes himself in the Roman invasion of Britain.
Claudius launches the Roman invasion of Britain. The campaign, led by Aulus Plautius, results in the capture of Camulodunum (modern Colchester). Claudius himself visits Britain briefly to oversee the victory, becoming the first Roman emperor to set foot on the island.
Patara is annxed by the Roman Empire and made part of Pamphylia.
48 CE
Queen Helena and King Izates of Adiabene send aid to Jerusalem, as noted by the Talmud and Josephus Flavius.
Birth of daughter Domitilla the Younger to Domitilla and Vespasian.
End of reign of Attambelos III of the Characene Kingdom.
Theonesios II reigns for a few months in the Characene Kingdom.
Thrace is annexed by the Roman Empire, bringing Agathopolis, Aigiospotamoi, Kabyle, Deultum, and Perinthos under its rule.
St. Paul journeys to Perge.
Claudius celebrates a triumph in Rome for the conquest of Britain. The conquest is widely celebrated, and he is given the honorific title Britannicus, which he later bestows on his son.
Claudius obtains the office of censor and strikes out many names in the Senate who don’t qualify.
Per Acts 27:2, Adramytteion is the location where the Apostle Paul is transported as a prisoner.
Claudius’s wife, Empress Messalina, is discovered plotting against him with her lover, Gaius Silius. She is executed for her involvement in the conspiracy.
Claudius‘s wife Messalina marries her lover Gaius Silius in a public ceremony. Claudius executes her.
Vitellius serves as consul.
Approximate year of the death of Philo,a reknowned Jewish Philosopher, in Alexandria.
February 25
Vespasian serves as consul.
The Apostle Paul visits Corinth and stays for 18 months during his second missionary journey, preaching and establishing a Christian community. He later writes at least two letters (First and Second Corinthians) to the community, which become part of the New Testament.
Claudius finishes the Aqua Claudia and Aqua Anio Novus aqueducts in Rome.
Beginning of rule of Theonesios III of the Characene Kingdom.
Marriage of Nero to Claudia Octavia.
September 18
Birth of Trajan in Spain.
End of rule of Theonesios III of the Characene Kingdom. Beginning of rule of Attambelos IV.
Seneca begins advising Nero.
October 13
59 CE
Izates bar Monobaz dies, and his brother Monobaz II becomes the king of Adiabene.
February 11
Death of Britannicus, with Nero strongly suspected of poison.
Assos is visited by the Apostle Paul.
Titus serves as a military tribune in Germania.
St. Paul visits Kos.
Domitius Corbulo, fighting on behalf of Nero, takes the Armenian capital of Artaxata.
A revolt occurs in Britain. Nero considers abandoning the province, then decides to appoint a more lenient governor.
March
Nero murders his mother Agrippina.
Vitellius serves as governor of Africa.
Laodikeia ad Lykon is destroyed by an earthquake. Nero provides funds for the rebuild.
Nero commissions a successful exploration of the Nile.
Nero begins construction of his first palace, the Domus Transitoria.
Marriage of Titus to Arrecina Tertulla.
Nero divorces Claudia Octavia on claims of infidelity.
The Aqua Neronis is constructed by Nero as an extension of the Aqua Claudia.
Nero executes several rivals on claims of treason.
Seneca attempts to retire on seeing his influence wane, but is prevented by Nero.
May
Claudia Octavia exiled by Nero to Pandateria.
May
Marriage of Nero to Poppaea.
June 9
Claudia Octavia executed in exile on orders of Nero.
Birth of Julia Flavia to Arrecina Tertulla and Titus.
Arrecina Tertulla either dies or Titus divorces her. He then marries Marcia Furnilla,
Vespasian comes out of retirement to serve as a governor in Africa.
January 21
Birth of Claudia Augusta to Poppaea and Nero.
June
Death of Claudia Augusta, the daughter of Nero.
End of rule of Attambelos IV of the Characene Kingdom. Beginning of rule of Attambelos V.
Pharnakeia reverts to its original name, Kerasos.
July 18
Great fire of Rome, during which Nero is supposed to have played the fiddle.
August
Nero accuses Christians of starting the Great Fire, and summarily executes and burns many alive.
Nerva is elected praetor.
Nero begins construction of the Domus Aurea.
Death of Poppaea, wife of Nero. He allegedly kicks her severely while she is pregnant and kills her.
Seneca is caught up in a conspiracy to kill Nero. Although it’s unlikely he took part, Seneca is forced by Nero to commit suicide.
Death of Domitilla the Younger, daughter of Vespasian, due to illness or childbirth.
Citizens of Apameia on the Axios spare the Jews living among them despite orders for their execution.
Gaza is burned by Jews during the rebellion against Rome.
Sidon shelters many Jews during the revolts and saves them from being killed.
Colossus of Nero is constructed in Rome.
The Jewish Revolt breaks out, supposedly due to merchants in Caesarea Maritima sacrificing birds in front of a local synagogue.
January
Marriage of Nero to Statilia Messalina. Her husband is forced to commit suicide so the wedding may occur.
Nero has the young boy Sporus castrated and then marries him.
Vespasian begins an assault on the Jewish Revolt.
March
Gaius Julius Vindex revolts against Nero in Gaul. Lucius Verginius Rufus is ordered to put down the rebellion.
May
Vindex is defeated at the Battle of Vesontio. Soldiers of Verginius urge him to take the throne from Nero, but he refuses.
June 9
Nero commits suicide.
June 21
A roman legion under Vespasian destroys Jericho.
January 2
The troops of Vitellius declare him Emperor at Cologne.
April 19
The Senate confirms Vitellius as Emperor.
July
Vespasian is the first emperor since Augustus to visit Egypt. He stays in Alexandria.
October 1
Vitellius bans astrologers from Rome and Italy.
October 24
The Jewish Revolt is suppressed and games are held at Caesarea Maritima to celebrate Titus‘ victory.
Vespasian initiates the fiscus Iudaicus, a tax all Jews in the Roman Empire had to pay.
Samothrace is absorbed into the Roman Empire by Vespasian.
Death of Malichos II of Nabataea. He is succeeded by his son Rabbel II.
December 20
December 21
Vespasian is declared Emperor by the Senate.
January
The Batavian Rebellion erupts in Gaul against Vespasian.
August 30
September
The Batavians agree to a peace deal with Rome and Vespasian, aware that the full force of Rome would be upon them with the end of the Jewish War.
Domitian marries Domitia Longina, the daughter of a respected general and politician.
December
Titus celebrates victory games at Caesarea Maritima.
Titus arrives in Rome and celebrates a triumph.
Construction on the Colosseum begins under Vespasian.
Antiochos IV of Commagene is accused of conspiring with the Parthians by the Roman governor of Syria. His kingdom is taken away.
Presumed death of Attambelos V of the Characene Kingdom. Orabazes II becomes king.
The father of Trajan serves as governor of Syria.
Kition suffers a strong earthquake.
January 24
Birth of Hadrian.
Pliny the Elder mentions that Histaia no longer exists.
A stone bridge is built by L. Octavius Memor at Seleukeia ad Kalykadnon.
June 24
August 24
Eruption of Mount Vesuvius under the reign of Titus.
October
Eruption of Mount Vesuvius and destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Titus spends considerable efforts in the recovery.
A son of unknown name is born to Domitian and Domitia.
A great fire occurs in Rome. Titus provides funds to help rebuild.
The Colosseum is completed and significant games are celebrated by Titus.
End of rule of Orabazes II of the Characene Kingdom. Beginning of rule of Pakoros II, who is the first historically attested king since Apodakos I.
September 14
The Senate confirms powers for Domitian, including Emperor.
Domitian finishes restoration of theTemple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.
Domitian founds a new legion, the Legio I Minervia.
Domitian executes three Vestal Virgins. This was the first such punishment in 170 years.
The people of Deultum petition the powerful senator Titus Avidius Quietus to become a patron the city.
Death of the only son of Domitian and Domitia, which leads to a rift in their marriage. Domitia is exiled.
Domitian travels to Gaul and orders an attack on the Chatti.
Birth of Sabina in Rome.
November
Domitian returns to Rome and celebrates a triumph.
Domitia is allowed to return to the palace by Domitian.
The Dacians under King Decebalus cross the Danube and kill the governor of Moesia. Domitian is forced to act.
Death of the father of Sabina, Lucius Vibius Sabinus.
July
The Roman general Agricola, acting under Domitian, defeats the Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius. However, most of the enemy escapes and prevent him from taking over all of Britain.
Agricola is recalled from Britain to Rome by Domitian, thus effectively ending the British expansion.
Domitian nominates himself as perpetual censor in order to maintain Roman morals.
Stadium of Domitian is dedicated in Rome.
Domitian founds the Capitoline Games.
August
Domitian returns to Moesia and divides it into two provinces.
September 19
Birth of Antoninus Pius to itus Aurelius Fulvus and Arria Fadilla.
Domitian orders a significant troop withdrawal from Britain to fight in Dacia.
Romans in the service of Domitian invade Dacia.
November
Romans under Tettius Julianus defeat the Dacians under Decebalus. Domitian agrees to a peace treaty with Decebalus that is considered shameful to Rome.
Death of Titus Aurelius Fulvus, the father of Antoninus Pius.
January 1
Lucius Antonius Saturninus, the governor of Germania Superior, revolts against Domitian.
January 25
The mutiny of Lucius Antonius Saturninus is crushed by officers loyal to Domitian.
Domitian executes the head of the Vestal Virgins, virgo maxima Cornelia.
Marriage of Trajan to Pompeia Plotina.
Trajan serves as consul.
Domitian expels all philosophers from Rome.
Hadrian serves as military tribune with the Legio II.
Nerva introduces reforms to the fiscus Iudaicus and redefines Judaism as a religion.
September 18
Domitian is assassinated by a steward named Stephanus.
The Forum of Nerva is completed.
A plot by Crassus Frugi Licinianus to kill Nerva is uncovered, but Nerva refuses to put the conspirators to death.
October
The Praetorian Guard take Nerva hostage until he agrees to hand over the men who had killed Domitian.
The mother of Antoninus Pius marries Publius Julius Lupus.
January 1
Nerva suffers a stroke.
Trajan enters Rome in great ceremony.
Approximate birth of Faustina I.
Trajan serves as consul for the third time.
New baths are constructed in Olympia.
Hadrian is elected quaestor.
January 13
Lucius Aelius Caesar is born.
May
Trajan launches his first Dacian campaign.
Trajan defeats Decebalus and makes Dacia a client kingdom.
Nicopolis ad Istrum is founded by Trajan.
Trajan completes the reconstruction of the Circus Maximus.
Decebalus attempts to kill Trajan via Roman deserters, but the plan fails.
Hadrian is elected praetor.
Trajan constructs a bridge across the Danube.
Decebalus crosses the Danube in an attack on Roman properties controlled by Trajan.
Hadrian serves as legate of the Legio I Minervia.
Adramytteion severely damaged during an earthquake. Trajan provides funds to rebuild it.
Arabia Petraea is annexed by Trajan.
Trajan takes Sarmisegetusa Regia, the capital of Decabalus, who commits suicide.
Hadrian serves as governor of Lower Pannonia.
The Forum of Trajan is completed.
The Traiana Nova is constructed from Aqaba to Bostra by Trajan.
Trajan devalues the denarius from 93.5% to 89.0% silver.
Hadrian defeats an invasion by a Sarmatian tribe.
Trajan holds 123 days of games to celebrate his Dacian victory.
The Via Traiana is completed to reach Brundisium by Trajan at his own expense.
The Aqua Traiana is constructed in Rome by Trajan.
Trajan constructs the Tropaeum Traiani in Romania to commemorate his victory over the Dacians.
July
The Baths of Trajan are completed in Rome.
Faustina marries Antoninus Pius.
Death of Pakoros II of the Characene Kingdom. His son Vologases III is now the sole king.
Completion of the Column of Trajan.
Trajan embarks on a campaign against Parthia.
Trajan takes Armenia and annexes it as a Roman province.
The Diaspora Revolt results in major damage to Alexandria and the near annihilation of its Jewish community. Trajan uses the occasion to rebuild the city.
While being visited by the Emperor Trajan, Antioch is severely damaged in an earthquake. The same earthquake heavily damages Apameia on the Axios.
Trajan takes Nisibis and Batnae and creates a province of Mesopatamia.
A massive Jewish revolt breaks out in Kyrene. Nearly all of the city’s buildings are destroyed.
The Arch of Trajan is completed.
April 26
Marcus Aurelius is born in Rome.
Hadrian initiates construction of Hadrian’s Wall.
Hadrian visits Britannia.
Hadrian travels to Mauretania and personally leads an assault against local rebels.
Hadrian visits Samothrace.
June
Hadrian first encounters Antinous at Claudiopolis.
The Emperor Hadrian founds Hadrianotherea to commemorate a successful hunt.
October
Hadrian is initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries.
Death of father of Marcus Aurelius.
March
Hadrian visits Sicily.
Hadrian completes his villa (still visitable today) outside of Rome.
Hadrian divides Italy into four regions.
March
Hadrian sets off on a tour of Italy.
Sabina awarded the title of Augusta.
April
Hadrian visits Africa.
July
Hadrian returns to Rome.
October
Hadrian again attends the Eleusinian Mysteries.
Lucius Aelius marries Avidia, the daughter of a senator.
Birth of Faustina the Younger to Faustina and Antoninus Pius.
Antoninus Pius is appointed as Proconsul of Asia.
The harbor of Soloi is renovated by Antoninus Pius.
Deultum begins to suffer from barbarian attacks.
August
Hadrian arrives in Egypt.
October
Antinous falls into the Nile and drowns. Hadrian is enormously distraught.
October 30
Hadrian founds the city of Antinoöpolis to commemorate Antinous.
November 20
Hadrian visits the Colossi of Memnon in Egypt.
December 15
Birth of Lucius Verus to Lucius Aelius and Avidia.
Arrian, a Roman governor, visits the Pontic region, including Amaseia, and documents information about Pontus in his work, “Periplus of the Euxine Sea.”
Antoninus Pius is adopted by Emperor Hadrian, making him the designated successor after the death of Hadrian’s first choice, Aelius Caesar.
Birth of Ceionia Fabia to Lucius Aelius and Avidia. She would be bethrothed to Marcus Aurelius, but did not marry him.
January 1
Lucius Aelius, father of Lucius Verus, prepares to make a speech to the Senate in Rome, but grows ill and dies.
February 25
Faustina the Younger is engaged to Lucius Verus. This is later ended by her father Antoninus Pius when Hadrian changes his succession plans.
February 25
Antoninus Pius is adopted as Hadrian‘s new heir and subsequently adopts Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius as part of the arrangement.
July 10
Hadrian dies and Antoninus Pius becomes emperor at the age of 51. He persuades the Senate to deify Hadrian, earning him the title Pius for his devotion. Faustina becomes Empress.
Antoninus Pius grants Marcus Aurelius the title of Caesar, officially recognizing him as heir to the throne.
Antoninus Pius serves as Consul for the second time and oversees the construction of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina in the Roman Forum, dedicated to his late wife, Faustina the Elder.
A major earthquake destroys Rhodes. Funds for is rebuilding are given by Antoninus Pius.
Marcus Aurelius serves as consul with Antoninus Pius.
October
Death of Faustina, making Antoninus Pius extremely distraught.
Antoninus Pius completes the construction of the Antonine Wall in Britannia, extending Roman control further north than the previous Hadrian’s Wall.
Kamiros destroyed for the second time by an earthquake.
Antoninus Pius constructs and dedicates a temple to Faustina.
The marriage of Marcus Aurelius to Faustina the Younger, Antoninus‘ daughter, solidifies the family ties and succession plan.
April 11
Septimius Severus is born at Leptis Magna.
Death of Vologases III of the Characene Kingdom. The son of Mithridates V, Vologases IV becomes king.
December 1
Birth of first child Domitia Faustina to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius. Faustina the Younger is elevated to Augusta.
March 7
Birth of Lucilla to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.
Birth of twin sons to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius. Both died in infancy.
The Nympheum is added in Olympia.
Clodius Albinus is born at Hadrumetum in Roman Africa.
Birth of Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.
A series of minor conflicts break out on the empire’s frontiers, including unrest in Dacia and revolts in Egypt, but Antoninus manages these without major wars.
An earthquake destroys Kyzikos, including the newly built Temple to Hadrian. Funds for its rebuilding are allocated by Antoninus Pius.
Lucius Verus serves as quaestor.
Lucius Verus is consul.
Chios suffers a destructive earthquake but is rebuilt with aid from the Roman Empire.
Antoninus celebrates the 900th anniversary of the founding of Rome, a significant event during his reign.
May 7
Correct date and estimated year of birth of Julia Maesa in Emesa.
Birth of Annia Aurelia Fadilla to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.
Birth of Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.
An aqueduct is constructed for Olympia.
Birth of Julia Domna in Emesa.
Marcus Aurelius engages his daughter Lucilla to Lucius Verus.
Lucius Verus is consul with Marcus Aurelius.
Lucius Verus leads the Roman military campaign against the Parthians, though much of the strategic command is delegated to his generals.
March 5
Antoninus Pius eats some alpine cheese at his estate in Lorium and vomits severely. He comes down with a fever thereafter and never recovers.
March 7
Antoninus Pius dies of illness at the age of 74 at his villa in Lorium, near Rome. He had reigned for 23 years, one of the longest and most stable reigns of any Roman emperor. He is succeeded jointly by Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Faustina the Younger becomes Empress.
August 31
Commodus born as Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus to Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger in Lanuvium.
Birth of Marcus Annius Verus Caesar to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.
Lucius Verus stays in Antioch, overseeing the Parthian campaign while indulging in luxury, reportedly earning a reputation for extravagance.
Galen arrives in Rome. He soon serves as primary doctor to Marcus Aurelius, and then for most of the life of Commodus.
Septimius Severus moves to Rome for career reasons.
April
The Tiber river overflows and destroys many houses. Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius give it their personal attention.
The Armenian capital Artaxata is captured by forces under Lucius Verus.
Lucilla and Lucius Verus are married in Ephesos.
The Parthian War concludes successfully for Rome, and Lucius Verus returns triumphantly.
Crispina is born. Her father, Gaius Bruttius Praesens, is a consul and governor.
Birth of Aurelia Lucilla to Lucilla and Lucius Verus in Antioch.
Roman forces under Lucius Verus capture the Parthian capital of Ktesiphon.
The elder twin brother of Commodus, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, dies.
Approximate birth year of Macrinus in Mauretania.
Corinth suffers a major earthquake that causes extensive damage to the city.
Seleukeia on the Tigris is destroyed by Romans.
Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius celebrate a joint triumph in Rome for their victories over Parthia.
The Antonine Plague hits Rome during the rule of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
Roman ambassadorial mission reaches China. It’s uncertain who sent it, but it may have been Antoninus Pius.
With his career stunted, Septimius Severus returns to Leptis Magna.
The Marcomanni cross the Danube and are pushed back by Marcus Aurelius.
October 12
Commodus made Caesar along with his younger brother, Marcus Annius Verus.
Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius lead military campaigns along the Danube River in response to Germanic incursions.
Marcus Aurelius increases the silver content in the Denarius from 79% to 82%.
Death of Lucius Verus while returning home from campaign. Lucilla is no longer Empress.
Marcus Annius Verus, the younger brother of Commodus, dies during an operation.
Marcus Aurelius arranges Lucilla to marry Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus Quintianus.
September 10
Death of Marcus Annius Verus Caesar, son of Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius, due to complications while trying to remove a tumor under his ear.
Birth of Vibia Aurelia Sabina to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.
The sanctuary at Eleusis is damaged during a raid by the Costoboci, but it is quickly restored with Roman funds.
Marcus Aurelius reverts the silver content in the Denarius from 82% to 79% due to military crises.
Birth of son Pompeianus to Lucilla and Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus Quintianus.
Nicopolis ad Istrum is sacked by the Costoboci.
December 5
Septimius Severus takes office as quaestor and enrolls in the Senate.
October 15
Commodus given the title Germanicus at Carnuntum, during the Marcomannic Wars headed by Marcus Aurelius.
Approximate birth year of Maximinus I Thrax in Thrace.
Septimius Severus serves in a high ranking military role to his cousin, the proconsul of Africa Proconsularis.
Septimius Severus serves as tribune of the people in Rome.
On hearing that Marcus Aurelius is ill, Avidius Cassius declares himself emperor in Syria. He is defeated and killed. Clodius Albinus serves with distinction in the campaign. Rumors abound that she is encouraged by Faustina the Younger, who sought his protection because he son Commodus is still young.
Septimius Severus marries Paccia Marciana from Leptis Magna.
January 20
Commodus enters the College of Pontiffs.
July 7
Commodus assumes his toga virilis, a sign of adult male citizenship, on the Danubian front.
December
Faustina the Younger dies in a military camp in Cappadocia of unknown causes. Marcus Aurelius publicly grieves for her.
Emperor Marcus Aurelius visits Alexandria and addresses the city’s citizens during his reign.
September
Marcus Aurelius and Commodus are initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries.
November
Marcus Aurelius and Commodus return to Rome from their campaign against Cassius.
December 23
Marcus Aurelius and Commodus celebrate a joint triumph.
January 1
Commodus becomes consul for the first time.
February
Commodus assumes tribunician power.
Marcus Aurelius and Commodus head to the Danubian front again.
Smyrna is heavily damaged by an earthquake and rebuilt by Marcus Aurelius.
Birth of Julia Soaemias to Julia Maesa.
Commodus devalues the Roman currency, lowering the Denarius from 3.85 grams to 3.35 grams.
March 17
Death of Marcus Aurelius. Commodus becomes Emperor.
October 22
Commodus holds a triumph for himself after a Danubian campaign.
Birth of Julia Mamaea to Julia Maesa.
Commodus devalues the Roman currency further.
Paccia Marciana, wife of Septimius Severus, dies.
Marriage of Septimius Severus to Julia Domna.
Septimius Severus serves as governor of Lugdunum.
April 4
Caracalla born as Lucius Septimius Bassianus to Septimius Severus and Julia Domna in Lugdunum.
March 7
Birth of Geta to Julia Domna and Septimius Severus.
May
During a food shortage, the people of Rome demand the head of Cleander, the chamberlain of Commodus, who gave in and executed Cleander and his children.
Rome under Commodus is severely damaged by a fire.
Commodus appoints Septimius Severus governor of Pannonia Superior.
End of reign of Vologases IV of the Characene Kingdom. His son Vologases V becomes king.
February
Commodus declares himself a new Romulus and re-founds Rome.
November
Commodus holds the Plebeian Games, where he shoots many animals and fights as a gladiator, of course winning every fight.
Emperor Septimius Severus, a native of North Africa, grants Carthage additional privileges, marking it as a prominent city within the Roman Empire.
Septimius Severus discharges the Praetorian Guard and forbids them from coming within 160km of Rome.
December 31
The mistress of Commodus, Marcia, discovers she is to be executed. She poisons him, but he vomits up the food. The wrestler Narcissus strangles Commodus in his bath.
April 9
In response to the murder of Pertinax, troops proclaim Septimius Severus Emperor.
Clodius Albinus shares the consulship with Septimius Severus.
Septimius Severus crushes the forces of Pescennius Niger at the Battle of Issus.
Byzantion sides with Pescennius Niger over Septimius Severus, Roman forces besiege the city and cause considerable damage.
October
Septimius Severus installs Caracalla as his successor and has the Senate declare Clodius Albinus an enemy.
November
Clodius Albinus declares himself emperor of Britain.
Septimius Severus sails to Aigai in preparation for a Parthian campaign.
February 19
Septimius Severus defeats Clodius Albinus at the Battle of Lugdunum. Clodius Albinus kills himself. Septimius Severus becomes sole Emperor, and Julia Domna becomes Empress.
Septimius Severus sacks the Parthian capital of Ktesiphon.
Septimius Severus fails to take Hatra after two lengthy sieges.
Septimius Severus and Caracalla thank Nicopolis ad Istrum for celebrating a festival and sending money.
January 28
Septimius Severus proclaims Caracalla and his brother Geta as co-emperors.
Caracalla inducted into the Arval Brethren, a body of priests who offered annual sacrifices to the gods for good harvests.
Approximate birth of Valerian I.
A severe earthquake damages Samothrace.
Birth of Trajan Decius in Illyricum.
Caracalla serves as Roman consul with his father, Septimius Severus.
Septimius Severus launches a military campaign in Africa.
April
Caracalla forced to marry Fulvia Plautilla, whom he hated.
Septimius Severus significantly enlarges Rome’s territory in Africa.
Approximate birth of Philip I in Syria.
Birth of Elagabalus to Julia Soaemias and Sextus VariusMarcellus.
January
The Praetorian prefect Plautianus is executed by Septimius Severus after allegation of a conspiracy by Julia Domna and Caracalla.
Trebonianus Gallus is born in Italy.
January 28
Caracalla celebrates the tenth year of his rule.
Septimius Severus travels to Britain in order to conquer Scotland.
Death of Vologases V of the Characene Kingdom. His son Vologases VI succeeds him.
October 1
Birth of Severus Alexander to Julia Mamaea in Phoenicia.
Septimius Severus leads his army into the north of Britain. He takes heavy casualties from guerilla warfare, but also massacres many locals.
Caracalla leads an expedition north of the Antonine Wall to destroy everything on the other side on behalf of Septimius Severus.
Approximate year of the birth of Aemilian in Girba, Africa.
Construction of the Baths of Caracalla begins.
February 4
Septimius Severus dies at Eboracum while on campaign in the north of Britain. Caracalla and Geta become co-emperors with Julia Domna mediating between them.
Caracalla proclaims the Constitutio Antoniniana, which gives all free men in the Roman Empire Roman citizenship.
Caracalla erects a temple to Serapis on the Quirinal Hill.
Caracalla has an unpleasant experience in Nicopolis ad Istrum and strips its title of Ulpia.
December 26
Julia Domna arranges a conciliation meeting between her sons and co-emperors Caracalla and Geta. There, Geta is assassinated by the Praetorian Guard.
Caracalla leaves Rome and accompanies troops against the Alamanni.
April
Caracalla heads to the eastern provinces.
May 10
Birth of Claudius Gothicus.
September 9
Aurelian is born in Sirmium in the province of Pannonia. His full name is Lucius Domitius Aurelianus.
Death of the husband of Julia Soaemias and the father of Elagabalus.
Caracalla visits Alexandria and feels insulted by the locals, so he orders all men of arms-bearing age to be executed.
Caracalla introduces the antoninianus, worth two denarii.
Susa is taken by the Parthians.
Emperor Caracalla holds funeral games at the Tomb of Achilles at Achilleion on his way to Parthia.
Partial inauguration of the Baths of Caracalla.
Death of husband of Julia Maesa in Cyprus.
Julia Domna commits suicide in Antioch after the death of her son Caracalla.
April 11
Macrinus is proclaimed emperor and exiles Julia Maesa, her daughters Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea, and her grandson Elagabalus.
July
Macrinus fights an indecisive effort against the Parthians at the Battle of Nisibis.
April
Julia Maesa deliberately spreads a rumor that her grandson Elagabalus is the son of Caracalla after an illicit relationship between Caracalla and his mother Julia Soaemias.
May 16
Elagabalus is declared emperor by the legion in Emesa.
June
Elagabalus is made consul.
June
Macrinus is captured near Zeugma and is beheaded.
June 8
Legions supporting Elagabalus defeat Macrinus and Diadumenian at the Battle of Antioch.
July 14
Elagabalus inducted into the College of Pontiffs.
Julia Maesa arranges for her grandson Elagabalus to marry Julia Paula.
August
Elagabalus finally enters Rome.
June
Elagabalus divorces Julia Paula in order to marry Aquilia Severa.
July
Marriage of Aquilia Severa to Elagabalus. The marriage is highly controversial because she is a vestal virgin.
December
Elagabalus installs Elagabal as the chief deity of Rome.
February
Elagabalus divorces Aquilia Severa and marries Annia Faustina.
March
Elagabalus marries Aquilia Severa again.
Septimius Severus devalues the Denarius.
Carus is born, most likely in Narbo, Gaul.
March 11
Elagabalus and his mother Julia Soaemias are assassinated by the Praetorian Guard in Rome. Following Elagabalus’s death, Aquilia Severa disappears from the historical record. Severus Alexander becomes Emperor, while Julia Maesa and Julia Mamaea remain very powerful.
March 14
The Senate ratifies Severus Alexander as Emperor.
The Sasanian Empire, led by Ardashir I, defeats the Parthian Empire. Adiabene becomes part of the Sasanian Empire, losing its autonomy as a client state.
Susa is destroyed by the Sassanid Ardashir I.
Approximate marriage year of Herennia Etruscilla to Trajan Decius.
January 20
Birth of Gordian III.
Approximate death year of Julia Maesa, mother to Julia Mamaea and grandmother of Severus Alexander.
Estimated birth year of Herennius Etruscus to Trajan Decius and Herennia Etruscilla.
August
Julia Mamaea has the wife of Severus Alexander, Sallustia Orbiana,, exiled and her father executed.
The Characene Kingdom is occupied by the Sasanids.
The Baths of Nero are restored by Severus Alexander.
Severus Alexander increases the silver in the Denarius after devaluing it when he became Emperor.
The Sassanids under Ardashir invade the Roman eastern provinces under Severus Alexander.
Trajan Decius serves as suffect consul.
Approximate birth year of Probus.
Taurinus is declared Emperor in Syria over Severus Alexander.
August
Taurinus is defeated by Severus Alexander and drowns while trying to cross the Euphrates.
Severus Alexander begins a campaign against the Sassanids from Antioch.
Severus Alexander celebrates a triumph in Rome.
Otacilia Severa marries Philip I.
Germanic tribes invade across the Danube. Severus Alexander reacts by increasing disciple in the already demoralized army and trying to bribe the barbarians to leave.
Maximinus I Thrax campaigns against the Alemanni.
Trajan Decius serves as governor of Hispania.
Aurelian joins the army.
Approximate end of the Nemean Games (held in the territory of Kleonai) during the Roman Empire era as interest in Greek athletic competitions waned.
March 21
Severus Alexander and Julia Mamaea are killed together in a military camp by soldiers loyal to Maximus Thrax, who becomes Emperor.
Maximinus I Thrax appoints his son, Gaius Julius Verus Maximus, Caesar.
January
Maximinus I Thrax fights the Sarmatians and Dacians from a base at Sirmium.
Birth of Philip II to Otacilia Severa and Philip I.
Gordian III‘s uncle and grandfather, Gordian I and Gordian II, are declared joint emperors in Africa.
Valerian I serves as princeps senatus and negotiates with Gordian I for his acclamation as Emperor.
Istros is razed to the ground by the Goths.
March
Gordian I and Gordian II are named co-emperors in Africa against Maximinus I Thrax.
April
The revolt by Gordian I and Gordian II fails in Africa before Maximinus I Thrax can even effect much. Gordian II is killed in battle and Gordian I hangs himself.
May
After the deaths of Gordian I and II, Gordian III is proclaimed Caesar at the age of 13 by the Senate under co-emperors Pupienus and Balbinus.
June
During a siege of Aquileia, the soldiers of Maximinus I Thrax grow disaffected with him. They then kill him and his son. Balbinus and Pupienus become co-emperors.
July 29
Pupienus and Balbinus are murdered by the Praetorian Guard. Gordian III, at 13, is declared sole emperor by the Senate.
Gordian III faces the rebellion of Sabinianus in Africa but successfully suppresses it.
Gordian III marries Tranquillina.
Gordian III launches a military campaign against the Sasanian Empire in the East to reclaim Roman territories. He gains support from his father-in-law, Timesitheus, who serves as his Praetorian Prefect.
Philip I becomes Praetorian prefect under Gordian III.
Gordian III wins a significant victory at the Battle of Resaena against the Sasanians.
Estimated birth year of Valerian II to Salonina and Gallienus.
December 22
Birth of Diocletian near Salona (Croatia).
February
Gordian III dies under unclear circumstances, either in battle against the Sasanians or assassinated by mutinous troops. His death occurs near the city of Zaitha (modern Iraq), and Philip the Arab succeeds him as emperor and Otacilia Severa becomes Empress.
August
Philip I arrives in Rome and is confirmed as Augustus.
Philip I renames his home town in Syria to Philippopolis and elevates it to civic status.
July
Philip I claims victory over the Carpi.
Approximate birth year of Helena in Bithynia.
August
Philip I celebrates the Ludi Saeculares to commemorate the 1000th anniversary of Rome.
November
Legions of Pannonia and Moesia revolt against Philip I.
Philip II is killed in the arms of his mother, Otacilia Severa.
Construction of the Baths of Decius are begun in Rome by Trajan Decius.
April
Trajan Decius is proclaimed Emperor by the Danubian armies against Philip I and marches towards Rome.
September
Trajan Decius defeats and kills Philip the Arab at Verona. Trajan Decius becomes Emperor and Herennia Etruscilla Augusta.
Approximate birth year of Maximian in Sirmium.
Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian are elevated to Caesar by Trajan Decius.
Trajan Decius issues edicts requiring that everyone sacrifice for the Emperor.
March 31
Birth of Constantius Chlorus on Moesia Superior.
June
Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus defeat a Gothic army at the Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum.
July
The Goths regroup and defeat the Romans, led by Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus at the Battle of Beroe.
Aemilian sent to the balkans to command an army by Trebonianus Gallus.
Valerian I chosen as censor by the Senate.
July
Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus are killed at the Battle of Abritus. Trebonianus Gallus becomes Emperor and raises Hostilian to Augustus, while keeping Herennia Etruscilla and Empress.
July
Hostilian dies from the plague. Trebonianus Gallus elevates Volusianus to Augustus and Herennia Etruscilla remains Empress.
Uranius Antoninus declares himself Emperor over Trebonianus Gallus, then forces Shapur I to retreat.
Aemilian declares himself Emperor over Trebonianus Gallus.
Valerian I mobilizes troops to come to the aid of Trebonianus Gallus, but arrives too late.
August
Trebonianus Gallus and Volusian are killed, possibly by their own troops. Aemilian becomes emperor.
September
Valerian II made Caesar under Valerian and Gallienus.
Antioch is attacked by Shapur I. Roughly 100,000 inhabitants are slaughtered, many of them at the theater.
Amastris is affected by Gothic raids during a period of instability in the Roman Empire.
Valerian I recovers Antioch and returns Syria to Roman control.
Death of Valerian II, who dies under suspicious circumstances while in the guardianship of Ingenuus, a powerful Illyrian governor, that Gallienus attempts to demote Ingenuus.
Approximate birth of Galerius in Dacia.
The Alamanni invade Italy and are eventually defeated by Gallienus at the Battle of Mediolanum.
Valerian I attempts to reach Edessa but is slowed by a plague.
Birth of Vabalathus in Palymyra to Zenobia and Oedaenathus.
March
August
Britannia and Hispania acknowledge Postumus as Emperor.
Postumus establishes his capital at Trier.
April
The prefect of Egypt, Lucius Mussius Aemilianus, revolts against Gallienus.
Postumus conducts a successful campaign against the Franks.
Much of Kyrene is destroyed by an earthquake.
March
Troops of Gallienus defeat Aemilianus, imprison, and then strangle him.
Postumus leads a successful campaign against the Alemanni.
Approximate birth year of Licinius in Moesa Superior.
Postumus and Victorinus are consuls of the Galliic Empire.
Olympia is sacked by invading tribes.
Aegina is damaged in raids by Goths.
Death of Oedenaethus, father of Vabalathus, who becomes king, though his mother Zenobia rules due to his age.
Disputed death year of Salonina.
Aurelian plays a key role in the assassination of Emperor Gallienus and supports Claudius Gothicus, who becomes the new emperor.
Aureolus, a commander under Gallienus, claims the throne for himself.
Claudius Gothicus defeats an army of Gauls at the Battle of Naissus.
August
Gallienus is killed and Claudius Gothicus chosen as emperor by troops outside of Milan.
September
Gallienus besieges Aureolus at Pontirolo Nuovo. Aureolus is defeated, but Gallienus is killed by his own soldiers.
February
Laelianus is raised by troops as a usurper to Postumus in the Gallic Empire.
March
Claudius Gothicus and Aurelian march against the Alamanni and defeat them at the Battle of Lake Benacus.
June
Postumus captures and kills Laelianus by capturing Mogontiacum. When Postumus’ soldiers wish to plunder the city and Postumus refuses to allow them, they kill Postumus and install Marius as Emperor.
October
Victorinus is proclaimed the Gallic Emperor by troops at Trier.
September
Emperor Claudius Gothicus dies of the plague. Aurelian is declared emperor by the army, succeeding Claudius’s brother, Quintillus, who was briefly recognized as emperor but soon dies, possibly by suicide.
October
Palmyra invades Egypt and Zenobia, the mother of Vabalathus, is declared queen of Egypt.
November
Aurelian begins his campaign against the Juthungi, a Germanic tribe that had invaded Italy. He defeats them decisively, securing the northern frontier of the empire.
November 20
Birth of Maximinus Daza to the sister of Galerius.
Aurelian marches east to confront the rebellious Palmyrene Empire, ruled by Queen Zenobia. He successfully defeats Zenobia’s forces and reclaims the eastern provinces for Rome.
The Empire of Palmyra takes Galatia in the name of Vabalathus.
February
The Gallic emperor Victorinus is murdered by a jealous husband. Victorinus’ mother takes the throne and selects Tetricus after receiving significant bribes from the army.
March
Aurelian faces a Gothic invasion and defeats them at the Battle of Placentia and the Battle of Pavia. He begins fortifying the city of Rome, initiating the construction of the Aurelian Walls to protect against future invasions.
November
Tetricus moves the capital of the Gallic Empire from Colonia to Augusta Treverorum.
Queen Zenobia of Palmyra briefly controls Egypt, including Alexandria, during her revolt against Rome, but Emperor Aurelian recaptures the city later that year.
Aurelian captures Zenobia and her son, Vaballathus, ending the Palmyrene Empire’s challenge to Roman authority. Zenobia is brought to Rome as a prisoner.
Vabalathus is believed to have died on his way to Rome.
February 27
Birth of Constantine the Great in Moesia Superior to Constantius Chlorus and Helena.
Aurelian suppresses a rebellion in Egypt led by a usurper named Firmus.
Aurelian turns his attention to the Gallic Empire, a breakaway state in the western provinces. He defeats Tetricus I, the last Gallic emperor, at the Battle of Châlons. This victory reunifies the Roman Empire under Aurelian’s rule.
Tetricus serves as consul with his son, Tetricus II.
Faustinus, governor of Gallia Belgica, rebels against Tetricus and is crushed.
December 25
Aurelian institutes the festival of Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (Birthday of the Unconquered Sun), promoting the worship of Sol Invictus as a unifying religious figure across the empire.
November
November
Probus asks the Senate to ratify his accession, which they eagerly do.
July
Probus campaigns successfully in Gaul against the Alemanni and Longiones. He also annihilates the entire nation of Lugii.
Probus fights in Illyria against the Vandals.
Probus defeats and kills the usurper Bonosus.
The usurper Julius Saturninus is killed before the assassins of Probus can reach him.
Probus puts down and kills the usurper Proculus.
December
Probus celebrates a triumph in Rome.
The Emperor Carus gives Diocletian charge of an elite cavalry force.
Diocletian obtains a consulship.
September
April
August
November
Death of Numerian from unknown causes (found deceased in his carriage).
November 20
Diocletian is acclaimed as Augustus by his soldiers.
Maximian charges Carausias with clearly the English Channel of pirates.
Diocletian and Carinus meet at the Battle of the Margus, where Carinus is killed by his own men. Both the West and East armies declare Diocletian Emperor.
July
Carinus and Diocletian meet at the Battle of the Margus River. Either Diocletian wins, or Carinus wins but is then killed by the tribune whose wife he seduced.
July 25
Maximian promoted to Caesar by Diocletian.
August
Diocletian fights battles against the Quadi and Marcomanni.
November
Diocletian fights along the Danube against the Sarmatians.
April 1
Maximian declares himself Augustus. This is confirmed by Diocletian.
Diocletian assumes the title Iovius and Maximian takes Herculius.
December
Carausius, upon learning that Maximian has ordered his execution, declares himself Emperor of Britain and northern Gaul.
Persia relinquishes control of Armenia and Diocletian annexes it.
Constantius Chlorus made a praetorian prefect in the West under Maximian.
Diocletian and Maximian execute a joint campaign against the Alamanni.
January
Diocletian and Maximian meet in Milan and are seen together in a number of public performances.
Galeria Valeria marries Galerius.
Constantius Chlorus divorces Helena to marry Theodora.
March 1
Maximian promotes Constantius Chlorus to Caesar with the approval of Diocletian.
November
Constantius Chlorus defeats the forces of Carausius, who had declared himself emperor in Gaul.
Diocletian campaigns successfully against the Sarmatians.
Diocletian travels through Deultum on his way to Nicomedia.
Birth of son Julius Constantius to Theodora and Constantius Chlorus.
Constantius Chlorus achieves several victories over the Alamanni.
The walls of Istros are destroyed again by the Goths.
Constantine I fights against barbarians on the Danube for Diocletian.
Maximian begins an offensive against the Berbers.
Constantine I fights against Persians in Syria with Diocletian.
Diocletian puts down a rebellion in the Thebaid area of Egypt.
The Persians under Narseh defeat Galerius. Diocletian publicly humiliates Galerius by placing the entire blame on him and forces him to walk for a mile ahead of the imperial caravan.
December
Death of usurper Domitianus in Egypt. Diocletian controls Egyptian countryside.
Pompey’s Pillar erected in Alexandria to honor Diocletian.
Diocletian creates a new province named Hispania Carthaginensis and sets Carthago Nova as its capital.
Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alemanni at the Battle of Lingones.
Galerius defeats Narseh in the Battle of Satala and takes his treasury, harem, and wife.
Maximian celebrates a triumph in Rome.
Arch of Galerius constructed in Thessalonika to commemorate the victory over Narseh.
February
Diocletian arrives in Syria after the Egyptian campaign.
April
Peace negotiations occur between Narseh and Diocletian with Galerius.
Estimated birth year of Crispus to Constantine the Great and Minervina.
Constantius Chlorus fights against the Franks on the Rhein frontier.
Isaura becomes an independent state with Seleukeia ad Kalykadnon as its capital.
March 31
Diocletian issues a decree that low-ranking Manichians be executed and high-ranking ones sent to the quarries.
October
Diocletian orders the tongue of the deacon Romanus of Caesarea removed for interrupting sacrifices.
Approximate birth year of Magnentius in Gaul.
February 23
Diocletian orders the new church in Nikomedia destroyed and its treasure taken.
February 24
First of edicts persecuting Christians issues by Diocletian and Galerius.
March
Constantine I returns to Nicomedia from the eastern front.
April 24
Diocletian orders the execution of six high-ranking Christians, including the bishop of Anthimus.
May 1
Diocletian announces his resignation. Maximian follows suit. Constantius and Galerius are promoted to Augusti, while Severus II and Maximinus are appointed Caesars.
June
Constantius requests his son Constantine I join him in Britain. Galerius grants the request after drinking heavily.
November
Constantine I is a tribune of the first order.
Constantine I funds major changes to the agora at Nicopolis ad Istrum.
January 7
Constantius Chlorus defeats the Picts in battle, earning the title of Britannicus.
July 25
Death of Constantius Chlorus in Britain. Constantine the Great is declared Augustus by his troops.
October 28
Maxentius, jealous of the power of Constantine the Great, seizes the title of Emperor. Galerius refuses to recognize him, but is powerless to stop him.
Constantine the Great defeats the Franks near Trier. The kings and their soldiers are fed to animals at the amphitheater in Trier.
Constantine the Great begins a major expansion of Trier.
April
Severus II is sent against Maxentius, but his troops defect and he is imprisoned.
July
Constantine the Great and Maxentius agree to a peace, brokered by Maximian, where Constantine marries Maximian’s daughter Fausta and Constantine would support Maxentius in Italy.
August
Constantine the Great leaves Gaul for Britain and chooses not to help Maxentius in Italy.
September
Severus II is executed, likely on the orders of Maxentius.
Maximian attempts to take his son Maxentius‘ title. This fails and he returns to the court of Constantine the Great.
Constantine the Great raids Germanic tribes and builds a bridge over the Rhein at Colonia Agrippinensium.
November
Galeria Valeria elevated to title of Augusta.
November 11
Galerius calls a council to discuss the disruptive western provinces. Diocletian and Maximian attend. Maximian is forced to abdicate and Constantine the Great is demoted to Caesar under the new Augustus Licinius.
Maximian rebels against Constantine the Great while he is fighting the Franks.
Constantine the Great changes his patron from Mars to Sol Invictus.
Licinius inflicts a defeat on the Sarmatians.
July
Constantine the Great captures Maximian at Arles when the citizens open their rear gates to him. Maximian commits suicide.
July 25
Constantine the Great, no longer able to rely on the Maximian family for name, invents that he descended from Claudius Gothicus.
April 30
Galerius posts a letter declaring an end to religious persecutions.
May
Licinius reaches an agreement with Maximinus Daza to share the eastern provinces between them.
May 1
Death of Galerius from a gruesome disease.
May 2
Care of Galeria Valeria and her mother are entrusted to Licinius. However, they flee to Maximinus Daia.
June
Galeria Valeria rejects a marriage proposal from Maximinus Daia. He imprisons her and confiscates her properties.
June
Maxentius declares war on Constantine the Great.
December
Constantine the Great forges an alliance with Licinius, giving him his sister Constantia in marriage.
Helena returned to the imperial court under he son, Constantine the Great.
The tetrarchy is replaced by two Emperors – Constantine I in the west and Licinius in the east.
December 3
Death of Diocletian from an illness.
March
Constantine the Great crosses the alps to confront Maxentius.
April
Constantine the Great defeats soldiers of Maxentius at the Battle of Turin.
July
Constantine the Great rests his troops in Milan until continuing to Brixia.
October 27
The crowd openly taunts Maxentius at chariot races, saying that Constantine the Great is invincible.
October 28
Constantine the Great defeats Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Constantine claims in a dream that victory requires fighting under the Chi-Ro banner. Maxentius is trapped by fleeing soldiers and drowns in the Tiber.
October 29
Constantine the Great enters Rome to great acclaim.
February
Constantine the Great and Licinius meet in Milan to cement their marriage alliance. The two emperors sign the Edict of Milan, promising religious tolerance.
March
Licinius marries Flavia Julia Constantia, half sister of Constantine I.
April
Maximinus Daza takes Constantinople from Licinius.
April
Maximinus Daza takes Herakleia from Licinius after a short siege.
April 30
Licinius defeats Maximinus Daia at the Battle of Tzirallum.
July
Maximinus Daza dies in Tarsos, possibly due to Graves’ disease.
August
Licinius orders for the death of Galeria Valeria and her mother.
August
Death of Maximinus Daza. Licinius then kills his wife and children.
October 8
Constantine I defeats Licinius at the Battle of Cibalae.
Galeria Valeria is betrayed by residents of Thessalonika. Soldiers of Licinius behead her and her mother in a public square and throw their bodies in the sea.
Constantine I and Licinius share a consulship.
July
Birth of Licinius II to Constantia and Licinius.
Birth of Constantine II at Arles to Constantine I and Fausta.
Constantine the Great defeats Licinius at the Battle of Cibalae.
October
Valens is raised by Licinius as co-emperor.
Constantine the Great and Licinius fight at the Battle of Mardia, where both sides take heavy losses. They agree to promote Crispus, Constantine II, and Licinius II to Caesars.
December
Licinius is humiliated in the Battle of Mardia by Constantine I.
February
Bowing to pressure by Constantine I, Licinius has his co-emperor Valens killed.
March 1
Constantine II made Caesar.
August 7
Birth of Constantius II to Constantine the Great and Fausta.
Licinius campaigns against the Sarmatians.
Crispus is victorious on campaigns against the Franks.
Licinius II is made consul by Licinius.
Licinius goes against the Edict of Milan and begins removing Christians from office.
Licinius accuses Constantine I of breaking their treaty when he pursues Sarmatians and then Goths into his territory.
The Arian controversy begins, with the priest Arius in Alexandria challenging orthodox Christian teachings about the nature of Christ. This theological debate has widespread implications for Christianity across the Roman Empire.
Birth of Valentinian I in Pannonia.
Approximate birth of Constans to Constantine I and Fausta.
Constantine the Great wages are on the Goths and Sarmatians from Sirmium.
October
A child is born to Crispus and his wife Helena.
The fleet of Constantine I takes moorage at Elaios against Licinius.
Constantine II accompanies his father Constantine the Great on campaign in Sarmatia.
Constantine the Great defeats the Goths and kills their leader.
Constantine I defeats Licinius in a naval encounter.
Constantine I refounds Byzantion as an imperial residence named Nova Roma.
July
Crispus, the son of Constantine the Great, achieves a huge naval victory over Licinius at the Battle of the Hellespont.
July 3
Licinius is soundly defeated by Constantine the Great at the Battle of Adrianople.
September 18
Constantine the Great defeats Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis. Licinius surrenders and are sent to live as private citizens.
November 8
Constantius II made Caesar by Constantine the Great.
Licinius is accused of a plot to kill Constantine the Great, is caught at Thessalonika, and is executed.
Constantius Gallus is born in Etruria.
Council of Nicaea is convened by Constantine to address the Arian controversy. Athanasius, a key figure from Alexandria, emerges as a defender of orthodox Christianity against Arianism.
Constantine the Great executes Licinius II.
Procopius is born in Cilicia.
June
Constantine the Great executes his son Crispus for reasons still unknown.
July
Constantine the Great has his wife Fausta killed in a boiling bath.
Construction completed on Constantine‘s Bridge, created with the hope of retaking Dacia.
Constantine II‘s own court is established at Trier.
Birth of Valens in Pannonia.
Death of Helena, with her son Constantine the Great at her side.
May 11
The city of Nova Roma, formerly known as Byzantion, is renamed to Constantinople by Constantine the Great.
Birth of Jovian in Moesia Superior to the commander of Constantius II‘s imperial bodyguards.
Julian II is born.
Constantine II made field commander by Constantine the Great against the Goths.
Constantine the Great defeats the Goths with help from the Sarmatians.
Constantine the Great achieves victory over the Sarmatians.
December 25
Constans elevated to Caesar at Constantinople by Constantine I
Constantine II married, though we don’t know to whom.
Athanasius becomes Bishop of Alexandria, playing a central role in the Arian controversy and in shaping early Christian doctrine.
September 18
Delmatius raised to Caesar by Constantine the Great.
Constantius II sent to recapture Mesopatamia by Constantine the Great. He overruns it, captures Amida, and kills their leader Narses.
Constantius Gallus is one of the few relatives of Constantine the Great not purged after his death.
July
Delmatius is killed by his own soldiers, possibly orchestrated by Constantius II.
September 9
Death of Constantine the Great. Constans, Constantine II, and Constantius II become emperors and divide the empire.
Constantine II leads a successful campaign against the Alamanni.
Constans campaigns against the Sarmatians.
Constantine II attempts to dictate legislation to Africa, which is part of the territory of his brother, Constans.
Constantine II leads an army into Italy against his brother Constans, only to be ambushed and killed. Constans takes over the territory of Constantine II.
Constans leads a campaign against the Franks, though is initially defeated.
Constans issues an edict banning superstition and pagan sacrifices.
Julian II and Constantius Gallus are transferred to Cappadocia after the death of Eusebius.
Constans defeats the Franks and signs a favorable treaty.
Constans and Constantius II hold the Council of Serdica to settle a dispute over the bishop Athanasius of Alexandria. There is no agreement.
February
Constans visits Britain.
Constantius II and Constans nearly start a civil war, until Constantius allows Athanasius to return to his position in Alexandria.
January 11
Theodosius I is born.
January
Magnentius, commander of a corps in the Roman army, overthrows and kills Constans.
January 18
Magnentius attends a dinner party, leaves, then comes back dressed in purple and declares himself Emperor.
March 1
Vetranio raised to the purple by his soldiers.
July
Magnentius declares his brother Decentius Caesar.
Constantius II defeats Magnentius at the Battle of Mursa Major, which is costly for both sides.
Julian II converts from Christianity to paganism.
December 25
Vetranio capitulates to Constantius II and is released to private life.
March 15
Constantius II raises Constantius Gallus to Caesar and marries him to his sister Constantina. Constantius Gallus takes up residence in Antioch.
Constantius II campaigns against the Sarmatians along the Danube.
Magnentius attemps to reach a peace with Constantius II, but is rejected.
Decentius is appointed consul by Magnentius.
Constantius Gallus raises a siege of Seleukia ad Kalykadnon by troops loyal to Shapur.
August 8
Constantius II defeats Magnentius at the Battle of Mons Seleucus.
August 10
Magnentius commits suicide after being surrounded by the forces of Constantius II. Decentius hangs himself.
Constantius Gallus is arrested by Constantius II and ordered put to death. He then reconsiders and orders Gallus spared, but the orders are delayed intentionally by Eusebius.
Constantius II campaigns agains the Alamanni.
Julian II held at the court of Constantius II in Milan on suspicion of treason.
Julian II is inducted into the Eleusinian Mysteries.
August 11
Claudius Silvanus rebels against Constantius II in Gaul.
November 6
Constantius II elevates Julian to Caesar.
Athanasius is exiled from Alexandria by Emperor Constantius II due to his opposition to Arianism.
Julian II leads a successful campaign to the Rhein.
Death of Vetranio in Bithynia.
Julian II engages in a coordinated action against the Alamanni that is directed by Constantius II. The operation fails when Julian is delayed by the Laeti and both parts are forced to withdraw.
Julian II takes charge of the province of Belgica Secunda.
April
Constantius II visits Rome for the only time in his life.
Shapur II demands Constantius II return the lands taken earlier, but is rejected. He then attacks.
Julian II achieves victories over the Franks on the Lower Rhein.
April 18
Gratian is born in Sirmium to Valentinian I and Marina Severa.
Shapur II destroys Singara, forcing Constantius II to march east.
February
Constantius II orders half of Julian II‘s troops to join him against Shapur II. The troops instead raise Julian II to Augustus.
Constantius II unsuccessfully attempts to take Ad Tigris.
February
The troops of Julian declare him Augustus in Paris, thus rebelling against Constantius II.
April
Julian II leads his troops against the Alamanni and capture their king.
November 3
Constantius II dies of fever in Cilicia, leaving Julian as the sole Augustus.
Emperor Julian, known as “Julian the Apostate” for his attempts to restore paganism, is initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries and actively promotes them, opposing the spread of Christianity.
December 11
Julian II enters Constantinople as the sole Emperor.
June 26
June 27
Jovian begins a retreat while being harassed by Sassanids.
July
Jovian agrees to a humiliating peace treaty with the Sassanids to allow his forces to retreat.
September
Jovian arrives at Edessa and issues an edict to end the Sassanid war.
October
December
Jovian declares his infant son consul.
February 26
Death of the Emperor Jovian, possibly from suffocating by poisonous paint fumes. Valentinian, the father of Gratian, is proclaimed Augustus.
March
Valentinian I and Valens order the arrest of Procopius, but he escapes with his family.
March 28
Valentinian I selects his brother Valens as co-augustus.
July 21
An earthquake destroys Aptera, Gortyna, Eleutherna, and Knossos on Crete. Alexandria is devastated by a tsunami, and Kyrene is also affected by the same tsunami. Kydonia is also damaged. In the Peloponnese, Messene is affected.
September 28
Procopius declares himself Emperor and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia.
November 1
Valentinian I learns of the revolt of Procopius against Valens and an invasion of Gaul by the Alemanni.
Gratian appointed consul by his father, Valentinian.
April
Valens crosses the Danube to attack Athanaric of the Visigoths.
August 24
Valentinian raises his son Gratian to co-augustus.
Valentinian and his son Gratian cross the Moenus River and scorch the territories of the Alamanni.
Theodosius accompanies his father on a trip to Britain.
Gratian awarded several victory titles for the successes over the Alamanni.
February
Valens and the Visigoths under Athanaric agree to a truce.
Birth of Valentinian II to Justina and Valentinian I.
Shapur II attacks Armenia but is defeated by Traianus and Vadomarius, generals of Valens.
Magnus Maximus serves under Theodosius in Africa.
Athanasius dies in Alexandria, leaving a lasting legacy as a defender of Nicene Christianity against Arianism.
Hostilities erupt between the Quadi and Valentinian I.
Gratian marries Constantia, daughter of Constantius II.
Theodosius is appointed a commanding officer in Moesia Prima.
Valentinian I is forced to make peace with the Alemannic chieftain Marcian.
October
Theodosius repels an invasion by Sarmatians.
The father of Theodosius falls into disfavor and is executed.
November 17
Valentinian dies of a stroke in Hungary, leaving Gratian as the sole western Emperor. Valens becomes the senior emperor.
November 22
Valentinian II, the half brother of Gratian, is proclaimed as Augustus. Gratian accepts the co-emperor.
Aelia Flacilla marries Theodosius I, then a high ranking general.
Birth of son Arcadius to Aelia Flacilla and Theodosius I.
Theodosius receives a military command again under Gratian.
July
A Roman army is defeated by the Goths at the Battle of Deultum.
August 9
January 19
Gratian appoints Theodosius I to govern in the east.
January 19
Theodosius succeeds Valens as emperor. Aelia Flacilla becomes empress.
August 3
Gratian issues edict against heresy.
Aelia Eudoxia is born. Her father, Flavius Bauto, was a Frankish general and a high-ranking officer in the Roman army.
Theodosius recovers from a life-threatening sickness and summarily requests baptism.
Theodosius is defeated by Gothic raiders from across the Danube.
Magnus Maximus is assigned to Britain.
September
Meeting of Gratian and Theodosius I. The diocese of Dacia is given to Gratian, while that of Macedonia goes to Theodosius.
November
Theodosius moves his court to Constantinople.
Due to pressure from the Alamanni, Gratian moves his seat from Trier to Milan.
Magnus Maximus defeats an incursion of Picts and Scots.
January
The Gothic leader Athanaric submits to Theodosius.
Gratian removes the winged Victory from the Senate floor and the privileges of the Vestal Virgins.
October 3
Theodosius and the Goths reach a treaty where the Goths are allowed to settle on Roman lands in exchange for military service.
Constantia dies. Gratian marries Laeta.
Magnus Maximus, who had declared himself Augustus, crosses over to Gaul from Britain and meets the forces of Gratian, whose army defects to Magnus Maximus. Gratian flees.
January 19
Theodosius declares his son Arcadius an Augustus over the western half of the Empire, without the approval of Gratian.
August 25
Gratian is pursued by a lieutenant of Magnus Maximus and killed at Lugdunum. Valentinian II is the only legitimate augustus in the west.
Magnus Maximus is recognized as the augustus in the West by Valentinian II and Theodosius I.
July
Theodosius meets Valentinian II in northern Italy.
September 9
Birth of son Honorius to Aelia Flacilla and Theodosius.
Aelia Flacilla, the wife of Theodosius, dies.
Honorius is elevated to consul by Theodosius I.
January
Death of Pulcheria, daughter of Theodosius.
Valentinian II escapes from Magnus Maximus to Theodosius I in the east.
Theodosius I marries Galla, the sister of Valentinian II.
Theodosius I and Persia agree to split Armenia between them in the Peace of Acilisene.
Magnus Maximus invades Italy.
Magnus Maximus issues an edict where he censures Christians in Rome who had burned down a synagogue. Bishop Ambrose, who later became a saint, states “the emperor has become a jew”.
January
An uprising occurs in Antioch against Theodosius.
Birth of son Gratian to Galla and Theodosius I.
August
Theodosius defeats Magnus Maximus at the Battle of Poetovio.
August 28
Magnus Maximus executed by Theodosius.
August 28
Magnus Maximus surrenders to Theodosius I in Aquileia and is executed.
June 13
Theodosius celebrates his victory in Rome.
April
The Massacre of Thessalonika occurs when Roman soldiers massacre civilians. It is believed to have been ordered by Theodosius.
Theodosius leaves his general Arbogast as head of the military for Valentinian II.
Theophilus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, orders the destruction of pagan temples in Alexandria, including the Serapeum, as part of the rising Christian influence and suppression of paganism following Emperor Theodosius I’s edicts against pagan worship.
May 15
Valentinian II dies in Vienna, either by suicide or by Arbogast.
August 22
Arbogast proclaims Eugenius Emperor, but this is opposed by Theodosius.
The last Olympic Games are held at Olympia.
January 23
Theodosius raises his son Honorius to co-emperor.
Theodosius leaves Constantinople to fight the Arbogastes and Eugenius and leaves Arcadius nominally in charge.
April
Death of Galla, wife of Theodosius.
September 5
Theodosius and Eugenius meet on the battlefield. The result in indecisive with heavy casualties on both sides.
September 6
Theodosius defeats Eugenius at the Battle of the Frigidus thanks to a strong wind called the Bura that blows on Eugenius’ troops.
The Column of Theodosius is completed by Arcadius.
January 17
Theodosius dies, leaving Arcadius as the Emperor of the Eastern Empire and Honorius as the Western Emperor.
April 27
Marriage of Aelia Eudoxia to Arcadius.
Alaric I destroys Eleusis.
Aelia Eudoxia is given the title of Augusta, solidifying her position and influence within the empire. Her growing power puts her at odds with other court officials, particularly the Praetorian Prefect, Rufinus.
Aelia Eudoxia gives birth to her first child with Arcadius, a daughter named Pulcheria.
Aelia Eudoxia gives birth to her second child with Arcadius, Theodosius II, the future Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Honorius marries Maria, the daughter of his general Stilicho.
The power struggle between Aelia Eudoxia and Eutropius, another influential official, escalates. Eutropius is eventually executed by Arcadius, strengthening Eudoxia’s influence.
A rebellion led by the Gothic general Gainas threatens Arcadius’s rule. However, Gainas is defeated.
Honorius moves his capital from Milan to Ravenna after the invasion of the Visigoths under Alaric I.
November
Alaric marches through the Alps and enters Italy to the despair of Honorius.
April 6
Stilicho, the general of Honorius, defeats Alaric at Pollentia.
Aelia Eudoxia’s and Arcadius‘ conflict with John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople, begins. John Chrysostom criticizes the Empress for her lavish lifestyle and perceived moral failings.
Aelia Eudoxia and John Chrysostom’s dispute reaches its peak. John Chrysostom is deposed and exiled by Arcadius, largely due to Eudoxia’s influence. She erects a silver statue of herself in the Forum of Constantinople, which John condemned in his sermons.
October 6
Aelia Eudoxia dies, likely due to complications from a miscarriage.
Stilicho, general to Honorius, defeats an invasion by Radagaisus.
Death of the Empress Maria, wife of Honorius.
Constantine III proclaimed as Emperor in Britain over Honorius.
Constantine III invades Gaul and takes Arles from Honorius.
Alaric invades Italy and Stilicho, general to Honorius, forces the Senate to give Alaric 4000 pounds of gold to leave.
February
Stilicho marries his second daughter, Thermantia, to Honorius.
May 1
Arcadius dies and is succeeded by his son, Theodosius.
August 22
Honorius executes his general Stilicho after a number of setbacks.
Alaric surrounds Rome and forces the senate to elect Priscus Attalus as Emperor, who ratified the previous treaty with Stilicho. This is an obvious threat to Honorius.
Gerontius, a general under Constantine III, who was a usurper of Honorius, rebels against Constantine III and declares Maximus Emperor.
The Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I issues edicts prohibiting pagan rituals and closes many pagan temples, including the sanctuary at Eleusis.
The Eastern Roman Empire sends Honorius 6,000 soldiers to relieve the siege of Rome, but Alaric ambushes them and few survive.
Alaric dethrones Priscus Attalus to renew negotiations with Honorius.
August 24
Rome under Honorius is sacked by the Visigoths under Alaric.
Constantius, general to Honorius, defeats his usurpers Gerontius, Maximus, and Constantine III.
Jovinus rebels against Honorius in Gaul and attempts to negotiate with the Goths.
Honorius convinces Atauf of the Goths to kill the usurper Jovinus.
Atauf of the Goths declares Priscus Attalus Emperor and is attacked by Constantius, general to Honorius, who deposes Priscus Attalus again.
The general Constantius marries Galla Placidia, the sister of Honorius, against her will.
Honorius signs a treaty that grants the Visigoths southwestern Gaul.
Honorius issues the Edict of 418, which relaxes administrative control over the provinces and allows Rome to hold them in name.
Honorius recognizes Constantius as co-emperor, but Theodosius in the east refuses to recognize him.
September
Constantius, now co-emperor with Honorius, prepares a campaign against Theodosius in the east, but dies before it departs.
August 15
Death of Honorius from edema. Johannes is nominated as Emperor.
Theodosius I orders the temples of Olympia destroyed.
The Eleusinian Mysteries are definitively ended as a religious practice following further imperial decrees.
Carthago Nova is sacked by the Vandals.
Nicopolis ad Istrum is destroyed by the Huns under Attila.
A significant earthquake causes much damage in Antioch.
An earthquake devastates Sagalassos.
An earthquake severely damages Olympia.
Soloi is destroyed by an earthquake and abandoned.
One of the worst earthquakes in history kills roughly 250,000 people in Antioch.
Before Antioch can fully recover from a devastating earthquake two years earlier, another hits.
The Sassanian Persian King Khosrow I captures and sacks Antioch. The city is extensively plundered and many of its inhabitants are deported.
Yet another earthquake causes major damage in Antioch.
August 22
The author and his wife visit Jerusalem.
August 31
The author and his wife visit Masada, including the Palace of Herod I. It is extremely hot.
September 3
The author and his wife visit Petra, capital of Nabataea.
September 6
The author and his wife stop at Caesarea Maritima.
April 5
The author of this page arrives in Antalya, formerly called Attaleia.
April 7
The author of this page visits the ruins of Termessos, where he is alone.
July 2
The author and his wife visit Khojand, formerly called Alexandria Eschate, where his wife was born and grew up.
August 22
The author of this page visits Metapontion by telling his traveling companions that the site is on the way, even though it is not.
March 31
The author of this page visits Athens for the first time.
April 2
The author of this page arrives at Corinth and photographs it.
April 3
The author of this page tours Corinth and Acrocorinth, then heads to Delphi.
April 4
The author of this page tours Olympia, runs the ancient track, and photographs a rainbow behind the Temple of Zeus.
April 4
The author of this page and his wife visit the ruins of Delos.
April 5
The author of this page tours the ruins at Messene and greatly enjoys them.
April 6
The author of this page wakes up early and tours Epidauros before the busses arrive.
April 6
The author of this page visits Tiryns.
April 7
The author of this page visits Eleusis and follows the sacred path.
April 7
The author of this page returns to Athens to pick up his wife.
April 17
The author of this page can’t find the ruins of Same, but is aided by his wife. There, they are guided by a nice man who lives in the area.
April 18
The author of this page and his wife return to Athens and enjoy one last sunset before leaving Greece.
April 18
The author of this page and his wife get lost while trying to find the ruins of Kranion, and are forced to give up the endeavour.
August 25
The author of this page visits Istanbul and sees some ruins from Byzantion, but does not photograph them because the shot isn’t great.