Cities Dateline
Knossos is first settled.
Earliest occupation of Zephyrion.
Fortifications are constructed at Zephyrion.
Foundation of a settlement at Susa.
The area around Troy is first settled.
Phaistos is first inhabited.
Foundation of Tell es-Sakan, which later became known as Gaza.
Troy is already a small fortified city.
Tyre is founded according to Herodotus. Some archeological data backs this up.
Susa fights a battle with Kish.
Old Elamite period begins at Susa.
Troy I destroyed by fire. Troy II is built.
Local Canaanite population resettles Tell as-Sakan, later known as Gaza.
Susa is incorporated into the Akkadian Empire by Sargon the Great.
Miletos begins to be inhabited.
Final destruction of Troy II. Troy III is constructed.
The Citadel at Kastrí is constructed on Syros.
Total collapse of civilization at Gaza.
Pharaoh Pepi I of Egypt mentions Byblos in texts, reflecting ongoing trade relations.
The governor of Susa, Kutik-Inshushinak, rebels against the Akkadians and creates an independent state.
Memphis called Ankh-Tawy, meaning “life of the two lands”.
Ur collapses under pressure from the Elamites and Susa becomes an Elamite city again.
The city of Kabyle is established.
The first palace at Phaistos is constructed.
Miletos is inhabited by Minoans.
Construction begins on the Palace of Minos at Knossos.
Foundation of the First Dynasty of Babylon under Sumu-abum, establishing Babylon as a city-state in southern Mesopotamia.
Egyptian Pharaoh Senusret III continues relations with Byblos, with inscriptions confirming Egyptian influence in the city.
Hammurabi becomes king of Babylon, initiating a period of expansion and codification of laws.
Code of Hammurabi is established in Babylon, one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes.
Troy VI is constructed, which may be considered the most powerful Troy.
The Palace of Minos at Knossos is rebuilt on a grander scale at Knossos.
Memphis is besieged by the Hyksos.
A new city is built at Tell as-Sakan, later known as Gaza.
Hittite King Mursili I sacks Babylon, marking the end of the First Babylonian Dynasty.
Memphis renamed to mn-nfr, meaning “enduring and beautiful”.
Tell as-Sakan, later known as Gaza, is destroyed as Hyksos of Egypt is routed. The area comes under Egyptian rule.
The first known temple to Demeter is constructed at Eleusis.
Rough time when Sardis is first occupied.
The bronze age settlement at Ayia Irini on Kea reaches its peak.
The Middle Elamite period begins in Susa.
Miletos is overrun by mainland Greeks.
Dardanos founded in legend by Dardanus, son of Zeus by Elektra.
Thutmose III of Egypt takes Arados on his Syrian campaign.
The palace at Phaistos is destroyed.
Mycenaean settlers occupy Miletos.
Reign of Erichthonios in Dardanos.
Troy first appears in Hittite records as ‘Wilusa’.
The Igihalkid dynasty controls Susa.
The hill fort of Tiryns reaches its height of importance.
Tros, from whom the Trojans are named, reigns in Dardanos.
Palace of Minos at Knossos is destroyed.
Sidon is part of the Egyptian empire and is ruled by Zimredda.
Tyre is under Egyptian control.
Transition phase in Miletos. Both phases are Mycenaean.
Approximate date when the Hittite king Mursilis II took Ephesos (then called Apasas), the citizens fled to Metropolis (then called Puranda).
The Eleusinian Mysteries are founded in Eleusis per Aristotle.
Troy VI is destroyed by what is believed to be an earthquake.
Byblos appears in the Amarna Letters, diplomatic correspondences from this period, reflecting its role in the regional politics of the Late Bronze Age.
The Elamite king Untash-Napirisha constructs the Ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil near Susa.
Miletos comes under Hittite control.
Knossos begins a resurgence, but the Palace of Minos is not rebuilt.
Orchomenos is burned and its palace destroyed.
Initial Mycenaean settlement at Kition is destroyed.
Tyre achieves independence from Egypt.
The palace at Tiryns is destroyed, but the city continues to grow.
Troy VIIa is destroyed by an enemy attack, perhaps that described in the Iliad.
Gaza is occupied by Philistines and is no longer under Egyptian control.
Elamites under Shutruk-Nahhunte take the original Code of Hammurabi and bring it to Susa.
Kassite Dynasty ends with Babylon’s conquest by Elam.
Approximate foundation of Knidos by Dorian settlers.
Ahiram (Ahirom), a Phoenician king of Byblos, is buried in a sarcophagus with one of the earliest known inscriptions in the Phoenician alphabet.
Aletes, first Bacchiad king of Corinth, takes control of the city from the Sisyphids.
Miletos is destroyed by some unknown people.
Pitane is founded by colonists from Lesbos.
Traditional founding of Eresos, likely as part of the Aeolian Greek colonization of Lesbos.
Troy VIIb heavily damaged by an earthquake.
Approximate foundation of the Kingdom of Kourion.
The Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser I records that he sailed in boats of Arados.
Approximate construction of the sanctuary at Olympia.
900 BCE
Assos founded by Aeolian colonists from Lesbos.
Religious part of Kition is abandoned, though the rest remains in use.
The Elamite language begins to be used at Susa.
The Israelites under King David occupy Gaza.
Hiram I becomes King of Tyre, leading the city to great prosperity.
Troy VIIB is destroyed by fire.
Presumed death of Hiram I of Tyre.
Approximate foundation of Itanos per archeological records.
Omri defeats the usurper Zimri and becomes king of Israel, with its capital at Samaria.
Samaria becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Israel.
Approximate construction of the first palace at Samaria.
Ahab, son of Omri, becomes king of Israel, with its capital at Samaria.
Manbog annexed to the Assyrians.
Death of the unpopular king Ahab. His son Ahaziah takes the throne in Samaria and continues his ways.
Ahaziah dies in Samaria after falling from a roof. Jehoram becomes king of Israel.
Jehoram dies from an arrow wound. Jehu becomes king of Israel, with its capital at Samaria.
Death of Jehu in Samaria. His son Jehoahaz becomes King of Israel.
Death of Jehoahaz, King of Israel. Jehoash takes the throne in Samaria.
Death of Jehoash. Jeroboam II becomes king at Samaria.
The first Olympic Games are held at Olympia.
A major earthquake damages Samaria.
The Proerosia, a festival and sacrifice, is established at Eleusis.
Oibotas of Dyme wins the stadion race at the Olympic games. He was not honored by the Achaians and thus the Achaians were cursed to not win at the Olympics for years.
Death of Jeroboam II at Samaria. Zechariah becomes King of Israel.
Zechariah rules for six months before Shallum kills him and takes the throne in Samaria.
Shallum is executed by Menahem, who takes the throne at Samaria.
Approximate colonization of Mende by Eretrians.
Phaistos is re-inhabited.
Telestes, the last Bacchiad king of Corinth, is killed.
King Kaus-malaka is in power in Edom.
Death of Menahem at Samaria. His son Pekahiah becomes King of Israel.
Pekahiah is assassinated by one of his chief military officers, Pekah, who takes the throne in Samaria as King of Israel.
Edom becomes a vassal state of the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Tiglath-Pileser III, who expands his control in the Levant, forcing Edom to pay tribute.
Pekah is assassinated by Hoshea, a captain in his army, in Samaria. Hoshea becomes the last King of Israel.
Canaan is conquered by Tiglath-Pileser III and Gaza comes under Assyrian rule.
Magnesia ad Maeander is destroyed by Cimmerians.
The neo-assyrian king Shalmaneser V besieges Tyre.
The double stadion race is added to the Olympic Games.
Samaria is captured by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
The long distance race is added to the Olympic Games.
Sybaris is founded by settlers from Troizen.
The pentathlon is added to the Olympic Games.
King Aya-ramu is in power in Edom.
Skione is founded by settlers from Achaia.
Greek immigrants begin rebuilding around Troy.
The location of Priene is moved due to earthquakes.
Metapontion is founded by settlers from Achaia.
Prokonnesos is founded by settlers from Miletos.
Sennacherib, the Assyrian king, destroys Babylon in retaliation for its rebellion.
Boxing is added to the Olympic Games.
The four horse chariot race is added to the Olympic Games.
King Kaus-gabri is in power in Edom, according to an Assyrian document.
King Abdi-Milkutti of Sidon rises up against the Assyrians.
Pisa takes posession of Olympia.
Approximate time when Askra in Boeotia is destroyed by Thespiai.
Damasos is recorded as King of Kourion.
Memphis is captured by the Assyrians under Esarhaddon.
Approximate year when Kolophon is conquered by Gyges of Lydia.
Argos defeats Sparta at the Battle of Hysiae.
Memphis is again sacked and looted by the Assyrians under Ashurbanipal .
Ashurbanipal of Assyria forces Arados under King Yakinlu to submit and give one of his daughters to his harem.
Settlers from Syracuse found Akrai.
Magnesia ad Maeander is rebuilt by settlers from Miletos or Ephesos.
652 BCE
Abdera led by Timesios of Klazomenai.
Abdera begun as a colony of Klazomenai.
Approximate time when Thrasybolos, tyrant of Miletos, fights a lengthy war against Lydia and maintains the independence of Miletos.
Ephesos is burned by Kimmerians.
Approximate time when Sardis becomes the capital of Lydia.
A channel that separates the island from the mainland is constructed by Corinthian settlers at Leukas to aid in navigation.
The pankration, utilizing boxing and wrestling, is added to the Olympic Games.
Babylon revolts under Shamash-shum-ukin against Assyrian control, leading to a brutal siege by Ashurbanipal.
The Neo-Assyrian king Ashurbanipal levels Susa.
Kardia founded by settlers from Miletos and Klazomenai.
Settlers from Syracuse found Kasmenai.
Boys’ sports are added to the Olympic Games.
The poet Erinna is born on Telos.
The necropolis in Orthi Petra, which serves as a burial site for elite citizens, is constructed in Eleutherna.
Temple of Athena Polias completed in Athens.
The boys’ pentathlon is held for the only year at the Olympic Games.
Kios founded.
Death of the tyrant Kypselos in Corinth. He is succeeded by his son Periander.
Foundation of Dyrrhachion by Greek colonists.
Nabopolassar establishes the Neo-Babylonian Empire and declares independence from Assyria.
Ambrakia founded by Gorgos, son of the Corinthian tyrant Kypselos.
Anaktorion founded by settlers from Corinth.
The Medes capture Susa.
Boys’ boxing is added to the Olympic Games.
Apollonia Pontika is founded by settlers from Miletos.
Nebuchadnezzar II becomes king of Babylon, overseeing its peak and monumental building projects, including the Ishtar Gate.
The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II is defeated by Egyptians near Gaza.
Kardia is founded by settlers from Miletos and Klazomenai.
Orchomenos joins the Boeotian League, headed by Thebes.
Solon, the Athenian lawgiver, includes provisions for the protection of the Eleusinian Mysteries.
The Temple of Hera is constructed at Olympia.
Pantikapaion is founded by settlers from Miletos.
Apollonia ad Rhyndakum is founded by settlers from Miletos.
Alyattes of Lydia takes Smyrna, then attacks but fails to take Klazomenai.
Massalia is founded by settlers from Phokaia.
Approximate founding of Kallatis by settlers from Herakleia Pontika.
Sestos is colonized by settlers from Lesbos.
Kleisthenes becomes tyrant of Sikyon.
Death of Battos I of Kyrene. His son Arkesilaos I becomes king and accomplishes nothing that we remember.
Settlers from Syracuse found Kamarina.
Kleisthenes of Sikyon leads the First Sacred War against Phokis and destroys Kirrha.
Solonian law established in Athens.
Nebuchadnezzar II captures Jerusalem, leading to the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews.
Death of the tyrant Periander of Corinth, who had built the city into a major trading center. After Periander supposedly defiles the corpse of his wife, his son Lykophron departs for Korkyra. When Periander offers him the rule of Corinth, the inhabitants of Korkyra kill Lykophron rather than let him depart. Periander dies of grief.
Death of Arkesilaos I of Kyrene. His son Battos II takes power who keeps the sovereignty of Kyrene over Egypt.
Death of Psammetichos, the last of the Kypselid tyrants of Corinth.
580 BCE
Akragas founded by colonists from Gela.
The Isthmian Games are established in Corinth.
Heraia signs a treaty with Eleian cities for mutual protection and support for 100 years.
The poetess Sappho, born in Eresos, becomes active.
Lipara is colonized by settlers from Knidos.
Emporion is founded by settlers from Phokaia.
Approximate time when Eutresis is settled by Thespiai.
Eshmunazar I founds a dynasty in Sidon.
Nemean Games are established at Nemea in honor of Zeus, in the territory of Kleonai.
The siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar II is given up in failure.
Olympia comes under the jurisdiction of Elis.
Akragas comes under the control of Phalaris, who became infamous for roasting his enemies alive in a bronze bull.
Kition comes under Egyptian domination.
The indigenous Libyans ask Pharaoh Apries for help against the Greeks in Kyrene. He is defeated at the Battle of Irasa.
Amathos is mentioned during the reign of Pharaoh Amasis II of Egypt.
Nebuchadnezzar II again attempts to take Egypt and fails, but does conquer Gaza.
The Olympic Stadium is constructed at Olympia.
Herakleia Pontika founded by colonists from Megara and named after Herakles, who it was believed entered the underworld through a nearby cave.
The Temple of Hera at Samos is completed.
Sparta defeats Tegea and compels them to recognize their supremacy.
Pesistratos becomes tyrant of Athens.
Death of Battos II of Kyrene. His son Arkesilaos II takes power and oversees the decline of the dynasty.
Settlers from Syracuse found Morgantina.
Pisistratos ousted from office in Athens when two rival factions join.
Approximate end of the tyranny of Kleisthenes of Sikyon.
Amisos captured by the Persians and made part of the satrapy of Cappadocia.
Approximate foundation of Dioscurias by settlers from Miletos.
Larissa Phrikonis captured by Lydians, who install Egyptian soldiers.
The Temple of Hera and much of the ancient city of Samos are destroyed.
Construction of the Temple of Apollo at Corinth.
Baktria becomes part of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great, existing as a key eastern satrapy.
Arkesilaos II of Kyrene is strangled by his advisor Learchos, who is then killed when he returns to the city to become king. Battos III becomes king.
Death of Eshmunazar I of Sidon. Tabnit I becomes king.
Battos III of Kyrene makes a pact with Pharaoh Amasis II. Amasis marries his daughter Ladike.
With the downfall of the Kingdom of Lydia, Adramytteion, Parion, Phokaia, and Aigai go under the Persian Empire.
The Persians under commander Harpagos conquer the area around Idyma.
Kaunos bitterly resists the Persians of Harpagos, but are defeated.
Pisistratos lands at Marathon and routes an Athenian force. He becomes tyrant of Athens again.
The Lydian governor Paktyes seeks refuge at Kyme after a failed rebellion against the Persians.
Citizens of Teos flee from the Persians to found Phanagoria.
Elea in Italy is founded by settlers from Phokaia.
Perge and other cities of Pamphylia are placed under the Persian Empire.
Cyrus the Great of Persia captures Babylon, ending the Neo-Babylonian Empire; the city becomes part of the Achaemenid Empire.
Death of Tabnit I, whose sarcophagus was found with his body perfectly intact in 1887. Eshmunazar II becomes King of Sidon.
Susa is captured by Cyrus the Great.
Doric temple to Athena constructed at Assos.
The Persian king Cambyses I is unsuccessful in his attempt to take Gaza.
Death of the tyrant Pisistratos, tyrant of Athens.
Polykrates pays off Spartans besieging Samos with counterfeit coins.
400 BCE
The Gortyn Code in chiseled into a wall in Gortyna. Its fragments are the second longest Greek inscription remaining.
Arkesilaos III of Kyrene makes a pact with Cambyses II of Persia.
Premature death of Eshmunazar II, whose sarcophagus today is displayed in the Louvre. His son Bodashtart becomes King of Sidon.
Babylon revolts against Darius I but is subdued by the Persians.
Glaukos, a boxer from Karystos, wins in the Olympic Games.
The hoplite race is added to the Olympic Games.
Death of Pheretima, ruler of Kyrene. Battos IV, son of Arkesilaos III, takes over.
Death of Bodashtart of Sidon. He had restored the Temple of Eshmun. His heir Yatonmilk becomes king.
Abydos occupied by Persia.
Abdera conquered by Persia.
Darius the Great builds a bridge of boats from Kalchedon to Thrace.
The philosopher Anaxagoras is born in Klazomenai.
Carthage signs its first known treaty with Rome, delineating spheres of influence and trade routes.
Samothrace is occupied by Persia.
The Olympic Stadium at Olympia is significantly remodeled.
The mule cart race is added to the Olympic Games.
Istros destroyed by Skythians.
The location of Priene is moved again.
Karkinitis founded by Greek settlers.
Persian forces attempt to take Naxos, but are unsuccessful.
498 BCE
Histaios of Miletos founds the city of Myrkinos, on the site of what later would be Amphipolis. Aristagoras, also of Miletos, would later occupy the city and perish in the siege of a nearby town.
The mare cart race is added to the Olympic Games.
During the Ionian revolt (year approximate), Artake and Prokonnesos are burned by the Persians.
The Battle of Lade is fought between the Ionians under Dionysos of Phokaia and the Persians. Chios has the largest contingent, followed by Miletos, Lesbos (probably Mytilene), Samos, Teos, Priene, Erythrai, Myos, and Phokaia. Most fled during the battle, but the Chians put up a bold resistance before defeat.
Histaios besieges Thasos, but is unsuccessful.
Kardia is the only city in the Chersonese not destroyed by Persia.
Abdera conquered again by the Persians after the Ionian revolt, under their general Mardonius.
Gelon of Gela takes Syracuse.
Karystos destroyed by the Persians.
Temple of Aphaia completed at Aegina.
The Persian admiral Datis stops at Delos to pay his respects and demonstrate to the Greeks that the Persians are not hostile to their gods.
Death of Yatonmilk of Sidon. Anysos becomes king.
The historian Herodotus is born in Halikarnassos.
Theron of Akragas invades and conquers Himera.
479 BCE
Five ships from Nisyros accompany Artemisia of Halikarnassos, but they defect to the Greek side.
The Battle of Thermopylae. Soldiers from Sparta, Mantinea, Tegea, Orchomenos (Arkadia), Corinth, Phlious, Thespiai, Phokis, Opuntian Lokris, and other cities are overrun by the Persians at a huge cost.
Argos does not participate in the Greek alliance against the Persian invasion, resulting in diplomatic isolation.
The fleet of Xerxes I is hit by a storm and badly damaged near Skiathos.
Xerxes I bridges the Hellespont near Sestos.
Residents of Akanthos welcome the Persian invasion force of Xerxes and help him dig a canal.
Xerxes moors the surviving ships of the Greek campaign at Kyme.
The Persian general Artabazos captures Olynthos and kills its inhabitants.
Phanagoria comes under the monarchy of the Archeactides.
August 7
September 26
Aegina plays a significant role in the Greek naval victory against the Persian Empire in the Battle of Salamis. Byblos, Arados, Tyre, Halikarnassos under Artemisia, Kos, and Sidon support Darius. Chalkis and Kythnos support the Greek effort. Alexander I serves as a peace negotiator on behalf of the Persians.
The Persian satrap Artayctes desecrates the grove of Protesilaos at Elaios. He is later crucified for the offense by the Athenian general Xanthippos.
Potidaia is besieged by Persians, but rescued when a tsunami washes them away.
August 27
The Spartan general Pausanias flees to Kolone.
Death of Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse. His brother Hieron takes over.
The Athenian Themistokles is given control over Magnesia ad Maeander.
A notable reorganization of the Nemean Games, held in the territory of Kleonai, occurred following the Persian Wars.
Athenians create a colony in Eion, just south of Amphipolis.
The Prytaneion is constructed at Olympia.
Sillyon joins the Delian League.
Death of Hieron, tyrant of Syracuse.
A large meteorite lands near Aigiospotamoi. At the same time, a comet is reported, which may be the first European mention of Halley’s Comet.
Thrasyboulos sets up a democracy in Syracuse.
The Athenian colony near Amphipolis is annihilated by the Thracians, with ten thousand colonists killed.
Athens, aligned with Sparta, sends a force of 4000 soldiers to help squash a helot uprising. Upon arriving in Sparta, they are dismissed while other allies remain. Angered, Athens repudiates their treaty with Sparta.
Death of Battos IV, king of Kyrene, which became a client kingdom of Persia during his reign. Leadership falls to his son, Arkesilaos IV.
Tegea is defeated by Sparta.
Arkesilaos IV, king of Kyrene, wins a chariot race at the Pythian Games in Delphi.
Kelenderis becomes the eastern-most member of the Delian League, headed by Athens.
Death of Themistokles in Magnesia ad Maeander. His son Archeptolis succeeds him as governor.
Thebes is reinstated by Sparta as the dominant power in Boeotia.
The tyrant Lygdamis II puts to death the poet Panyasis, which causes the historian Herodotus to leave Halikarnassos.
Abdera taxed 10 to 15 talents as part of the First Athenian League.
Artake first appears in tribute lists of the Delian League.
Ducetius, leader of the Sicels, invades Akragas and conquers an outpost.
The Temple of Zeus is constructed at Olympia.
Peace of Kallias, an agreement between Athens and Persia after a series of conflicts between them. In Cyprus, Amathos, Kelenderis, and Salamis remain under Persian control but maintains its local autonomy. Ephesos, Miletos, Priene, Klazomenai, and Phokaia also obtain some autonomy.
Ducetius, leader of the Sicels, defeated at Nomae by Syracuse, but is allowed into exile.
Pericles oversees the construction of new buildings at Eleusis, including the grand Telesterion (Initiation Hall), which serves as the central site for the Mysteries.
Construction of the Parthenon in Athens begins.
The Thirty Years’ Peace is signed between Athens and Sparta where they recognize each others rights to direct their own alliances.
The mare cart race and mule cart race are removed from the Olympic Games.
430 BCE
Agathopolis first colonized by Greek settlers.
The unpopular Arkesilaos IV and his son are killed and beheaded by citizens of Kyrene, which ends the Battiad dynasty.
Construction of the Athena Parthenos in Athens is completed.
Athenians found a new colony at Amphipolis under the general Hagnon.
The philosopher Euclid is born in Megara.
Corinth obtains control over Anaktorion through fraud after the city had been joinly occupied by Corinth and Korkyra.
The Athenian general Phormio makes his base at Aphytis and leads his army against Pallene. He also takes Argos Amphilochian, removes the Ambrakians, and restores the town to the original inhabitants.
Ainea is mentioned as part of the Delian League.
Decorations completed on the Parthenon in Athens.
Spartans vote that Athens has violated the Thirty Years’ Peace and declares war. The Peloponnesian War begins.
Rhodes remains neutral, though still a member of the Delian League, during the Peloponnesian War.
Pericles gives his famous funeral oration in Athens.
Chalkidian League formed.
Phidias constructs the statue of Zeus, one of the seven ancient wonders of the world, at Olympia.
Ambrakians attempt to take Argos Amphilochian but are repulsed.
429 BCE
The Plague kills 30,000 people in Athens, including Pericles and his sons.
Sparta attacks Zakynthos with 1000 troops. They burn the countryside but fail to take the city.
Paros pays the highest amount of all islands in the Delian League.
Sparta under Knemos attempts to take Stratos but are defeated at great loss.
Athens detaches Kolone , Ophrynion, and Larissa Ptolemais from Mytilene in punishment for their revolt.
Thebes destroys Plataea with the help of Sparta.
A democratic uprising occurs in Megara.
Antandros joins the Delian League.
Athens attempts to invade Aetolia, but is forced back by the Aetolian League.
Ambrakia is crushed by Athens in the Battle of Idomene in an attempt to re-take Argos Amphilochian.
Lokris Opuntii is severely damaged by an earthquake.
Skarpheia is heavily damaged by a tsunami.
Herakleia Trachineia founded by Spartan settlers.
The Battle of Sphacteria between Athens and Sparta is fought at the entrance to the Bay of Pylos, resulting in an Athenian victory. Ainos, Imbros, and the cities of Lemnos (Myrina, Hephaistia) provide support.
Anaktorion is captured by the Acarnanians and Athenians during the Peloponnesian War. The Acarnanians expel the Corinthians from the city, and Anaktorion becomes part of the Acarnanian League.
Athens defeats Sparta at the Battle of Pylos and traps 420 Spartans.
Perdikkas II of Macedon convinces several towns to move their populations to Olynthos.
Mesembria joins the Delian League.
The Spartan general Brasidas captures Amphipolis and then Galepsos. He travels through Melitaia and camps at Phakion.
Temple of Athena Nike is built in Athens.
Birth of Meno, who helped lead the 10,000 with Xenophon, in Larissa.
The satrap of Phrygia, Pharnakes, offers asylum in Adramytteion to exiles from Delos.
The Athenian general Kleon attempts to take Amphipolis, but fails in the attempt. Both Kleon and the Spartan general Brasidas perish.
The Peace of Nikias between Athens and Sparta is signed after the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas. They agree to break up the Chalkidian League, but this is not done.
Athens takes Skione, kills every man, and sells the women and children into slavery.
Athens settles Spartan helot deserters and Messenians from Pylos at Kranion.
The inhabitants of Herakleia Trachineia are slaughtered by their neighbors.
Athens transports the Spartan helots and Messenians previously moved to Kranion back to Pylos to annoy Sparta.
Patrai is connected with its harbor by long walls.
Sparta deposits hostages at Orchomenos, but when the army of Athens approaches, they are quickly given up.
Kentoripai surrenders to the Athenians.
Abdemon deposes a Phoenician ruler and becomes King of Salamis.
Metapontion provides a small support force to Athens against Syracuse.
Spartan forces travelling to Sicily are taken by winds to Kyrene, who gives them ships to return.
A group of Thracians, whom Athens were sending home, landed at Mykalessos and slaughtered everyone, including women and children.
The Athenian general Demosthenes takes aboard heavy infantry from Zakynthos and Kephallenia (likely including Same) and crosses over to the opposite coast of Akarnania to Alyzeia and Anaktorion, already held by Athens.
Chios, Kalchedon, Erythrai, and Klazomenai revolt against Athens and is besieged until relieved by Sparta.
Kos is devastated by an earthquake.
Under Darius I’s orders, Tissaphernes allies with Sparta over Athens and re-occupies most of the Ionian coast.
Archeptolis, who controls Magnesia ad Maeander, is removed, possibly by Tissaphernes.
Iasos is governed by Amorges, a Persian who had achieved independence from Persia. Iasos is attacked by Spartans, who deliver Amorges to Tissaphernes and plunder the city.
Kos is sacked by Spartan forces.
The Persians re-capture Aspendos.
Evagoras I takes the throne of Salamis from Abdemon.
May
Pharnabazos orders ships built at Antandros. At the same time, Syracuse helps Antandros finish its city wall, resulting in citizen privileges for Syracusans there. When the ships are complete, Pharnabazos sails for Kalchedon.
Hannibal Mago (a general and political leader) expands Carthaginian territories in Sicily, initiating a new wave of Carthaginian influence on the island.
Prokonnesos is conquered for Athens by Alkibiades.
408 BCE
Abydos attacked by Athens but repelled by Pharnabazos.
Spartans again repopulate Herakleia Trachineia.
The two horse chariot race is added to the Olympic Games.
Seven hundred soldiers from Herakleia Trachineia are slaughtered in a battle with their neighbors.
Athens under Alkibiades and Sparta under Lysander face off in the Battle of Notion. Sparta loses more ships, but Athens faces heavy losses when many are not rescued at sea. The resulting trial strips Alkibiades and the other Athenian generals of command.
Approximate year that Ariston takes control over Kyrene and kills 500 prominent citizens.
Lysander destroys the Athenian fleet at the mouth of the Aigiospotamoi. Just before, the Athenian triremes arrive at Elaios to discover that Lysander is in control of Lampsakos.
The Spartan Lysander takes Iasos, kills all men of fighting age, sells the women and children into slavery, and levels the city.
Thasos falls to Sparta under Lysander.
Peloponnesian War ends in an Athenian surrender, and as a result Adramytteion is ruled by Mytilene. Residents of Aegina are allowed to return to their island.
Hekatomnos becomes king of Caria, then including Halikarnassos, under the Persian Empire.
Sestos is occupied by the Spartans under Lysander.
Amyrtaeus ends the Persian occupation of Egypt and frees Memphis.
The Athenian exile Alkibiades is executed at his house in Persia, possibly at the order of Pharnabazos.
Messenians sent away from Naupaktos travel to Kyrene and join in the effort against Ariston, but most are killed.
The Spartan general Lysander besieges Aphytis, then has a dream that Ammon stood by him in his sleep. He thus raises the siege and orders the inhabitants to pray to Ammon.
The 10,000, as described in Xenophon’s Anabasis, travel through Antandros and Adramytteion.
Euromos participates in the rebellion of the Persian satrap Cyrus the Younger against his brother, King Artaxerxes II.
The army of Cyrus the Younger defeats that of Artaxerxes II at the Battle of Cunaxa at Babylon. However, Cyrus the Younger is killed. Orontas participates as the satrap of Armenia.
Xenophon and the 10,000 pass through Sinope.
The Metroon is built at Olympia.
397 BCE
Deryklidas of Sparta supports the Ionian Greeks against the Persians. He besieges Atarneos for eight months until they accept his terms and takes Hamaxitos, Kolonai, and Ilion. This ends in an armistice with Pharnabazos.
Hamaxitos and Larissa-Ptolemais are forcibly re-integrated into the Persian Empire.
Larissa Phrikonis is beseiged by the Spartan general Thibron, who accomplishes nothing.
Death of Mania of Dardanos, having been strangled by her son-in-law.
Xenophon stops in Ophrynion to sacrifice with the 10,000 on the way home.
The Egyptian capital is moved from Memphis to Mendes.
Herippidas of Sparta puts to death all anti-Spartans at Herakleia Trachineia and expels foreigners.
March
Xenophon’s command of the 10,000 ends at Pergamon.
October
Amyrtaeus defeated by Nepherites I at Memphis.
During a battle between Deryklidas of Sparta and Pharnabazos with Tissaphernes, men from Priene and Achilleion fighting with the Spartans fled. Hamaxitos and Larissa-Ptolemais thus receive their freedom again.
King Agis of Sparta falls sick at Heraia. He is brought back to Lakedaimon, where he dies.
The Spartans under Agesilaos II attack and Persia. Artaxerxes II retaliates by bribing Corinth, Thebes, and Athens to make war on Sparta.
A competition for heralds and trumpeters is added to the Olympic Games.
The general Himilco of Carthage concludes a treaty with Kephaloidion.
Thebes takes Herakleia Trachineia from Sparta and installs the Trachinians and Oetaians.
The Athamanians leave Sparta and join an Athenian alliance.
Samos declares its independence and re-establishes a democracy.
The Temple of Athena Alea in Tegea burns down.
The Spartan admiral Peisander is defeated and killed by a fleet headed by Pharnabazos and former Athenian admiral Konon at the Battle of Knidos.
July
Sparta and their allies, including Sikyon and Tegea, defeat Athens and their allies at the Battle of Nemea. On Athens side are Thebes, Lokris Opuntii, and Corinth. With Sparta are Halieis, Sikyon, Epidauros, Troizen, and Hermione. Phlious remains neutral. Pellene fights on the side of Sparta against Thespiai.
Amyntas III of Macedon transfers territory to Olynthos of the Chalkidian League.
Pharnabazos travels to Corinth and provides them with funds to rebuild their fleet, then he provides Athens the funds to rebuild their long walls.
Pharnabazos establishes a naval base at Melos.
Amyntas III recovers Macedon with the help of Thessaly and particularly Larissa.
Anaxabios replaces Deryklidas as head of Abydos.
Birth of philosopher Eudoxos at Knidos.
Amphipolis declares independence from Spartan control and operates as a self-governing city-state.
Lucanians begin to attack Thourion.
Stratos surrenders to King Agesilaos of Sparta.
Anaxabios of Abydos is ambushed and killed by the Athenian general Iphikrates.
Pharaoh Hakor negotiates a treaty with Athens.
Peace of Antalkidas, arranged by Artaxerxes II, is signed in Susa, ending the Corinthian War. Abydos, Aigai, Kalchedon, Kaunos, Klazomenai, Kyzikos, Parion, Samos, and Adramytteion become part of the Persian Empire.
Sparta uses the Peace of Antalkidas to break Mantineia into multiple villages.
Plato travels to Syracuse on the invitation of Dionysios I.
Amyntas III adopts the Athenian general Iphikrates, who has marriage ties to Kotys I.
Mantineia is defeated by Sparta and the city is destroyed and split up.
The Academy in Athens is founded by Plato.
Amyntas III appeals to the Spartans against the Chalkidian League. Akanthos, Argilos, and Stageira also claim that membership was forced upon them. Potidaia is separated from the League.
Phlious accepts exiles from their city under threat from Sparta.
Spartans use treachery to take the citadel of Thebes.
Philip II is born in Pella to Eurydike I and Amyntas III.
Agesilaos of Sparta lays siege to Phlious.
Approximate birth of Memnon of Rhodes, presumably in Rhodes.
Estimated birth of Anaximenes in Lampsakos.
Thebes expels the Spartan garrison at its citadel.
The Chalkidian League become subject allies of Sparta.
Sparta finally takes Phlious after a siege of 20 months, resets the government, and creates a new constitution.
The Spartans and Macedonians under Amyntas III destroy Olynthos after two initial defeats. Derdas II participates on the winning side.
Kleitor is at war with Orchomenos.
Eresos, Byzantion, Chios,Mytilene, Methymna, Rhodes, Thebes, Korkyra, Eretria, Kios, Samos, Naxos, Andros, Myrina (Lembos), Hephaistia, Imbros, and Thasos join the Second Athenian League, reaffirming its alliance with Athens in response to the growing threat of Persian interference and internal Greek conflicts.
Abdera destroyed by an invasion of Thracian Triballi tribe.
The Chalkidian League leave Sparta and join and alliance with Athens, but that soon falls out over ownership of Amphipolis.
Death of the philosopher Gorgias of Leontini in Larissa.
Datames briefly occupies Sinope.
Jason becomes dictator of Pherai.
Nikokles succeeds his father Evagoras I on the throne of Salamis.
Iphikrates of Athens invades Thyrrheion.
Mnasippos of Sparta blockades Korkyra and subjugates them to starvation, then puts to death or sells to slavery all who flee.
Bura destroyed by a massive earthquake. Every inhabitant dies and the only survivors are those who weren’t in the city at the time.
Megalopolis is founded by the Arkadian League as a counterweight to Sparta.
Jason of Pherai destroys the walls of Herakleia Trachineia to ease passage into the rest of Greece.
The Spartans in Tegea are expelled and Tegea joins the Arkadian League.
Amyntas III supports Athens‘ claim over Amphipolis.
The helots of Messene revolt against Sparta.
Mausolos moves the capital of the Hekatomnid Satrapy from Mylasa to Halikarnassos.
The territory of Heraia is laid waste by Arcadian cities due to Heraia’s support for Sparta.
Death of the famous physician Hippokrates in Larissa.
Jason of Pherai is assassinated. His brothers Polydoros and Polyphron succeed him as kings.
The Tholos, a circular building in the sanctuary of Asklepios in Epidauros, is built under the architect Polykleitos the Younger.
The Arcadians take Pellene and slaughter all of the Spartans residing there.
Alexander of Pherai murders his uncle Polyphron and takes the throne of Pherai.
The Theban general Pelopidas intervenes in Macedonian affairs, leading an expedition to secure Alexander II‘s position. However, Alexander is forced to agree to a treaty that acknowledges Theban influence and sends his brother Philip II to Thebes as a hostage.
Persia under Artaxerxes II provides funds to Sparta to continue the Spartan-Theban war. They probably also provide funds to Athens.
The Theban general Epaminondas intervenes in Arcadia to support the Arcadian League and the newly founded city of Megalopolis. Heraia is pressured to join the Arcadian League but maintains a pro-Spartan stance.
Alexander II intervenes in Thessaly to support the city of Larissa against the tyrant Alexander of Pherae.
Tyrant Philiskos rules Abydos.
Euphron becomes tyrant of Sikyon.
July
The Theban Pelopidas is sent to negotiate with Alexander of Pherai, who throws him in prison.
Artaxerxes II attempts to mediate between the Greek states. He proposes a settlement that highly favors Thebes and leaves Messene free. All states except for Thebes reject it.
Alexander of Pherai massacres the inhabitants of Skotussa.
Plato returns to Syracuse to work with Dion.
Several cities on Kos combine to form the Kos harbor.
Autophradates lay siege to Ariobarzanes in Assos. In exchange for Athenian support, Ariobarzanes gifts them Sestos.
Arkadians under Aineas of Stymphalos march to Sikyon and send Euphron into flight.
Autophradates besieged Ariobarzanes, who was participating in the Great Satraps Revolt, in Adramytteion.
Kardia comes under Odrysian control.
Death of Euclid, who had founded the Megarian school of philosophy, in Megara.
Adramytteion abandoned with arrival of the Spartan king, Agesilaos II.
Klearchos obtains a band of mercenaries and takes control of Herakleia Pontika.
Sidon rises in rebellion against Persian rule under Artaxerxes II. The rebellion is initially successful, but Artaxerxes III eventually suppresses it after Sidon is besieged and captured. The city’s destruction and subsequent punishment mark a decline in Sidon’s prominence.
Thebes defeats Alexander of Pherai at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, but their general Pelopidas is killed.
The Boeotian League, headed by Thebes, sacks Orchomenos.
With Theban power down after the death of Epaminondas, Alexander of Pherai takes Tinos and sells the inhabitants as slaves, then besieges Peparethos. Athens defeats Alexander near Sounion and relieves Peparethos. Alexander then plunders Piraios.
Dissolution of the Arkadian League, which had previously founded Megalopolis.
Orontas takes a leadership role in the Great Satraps Revolt. He then switches his allegiance to Artaxerxes II. He uses Pergamon as his base.
Plato arrives in Syracuse for the third time.
Agathokles of Syracuse born at Thermai Himeraia.
Lysimachos is born in Krannon or Pella.
Phaselis concludes a treaty with Mausolos of Halikarnassos.
Philippi founded by settlers from Thasos and named Thasian Epeiros.
Abydos comes under the tyrant Iphiades.
Approximate date of the founding of Caesaria Maritima by Straton I of Sidon. The original name is Straton’s Tower.
Kersebleptes, in a bid against Philip II, turns over all the cities of the Chersonese to Athens except for Kardia.
355 BCE
Alexander of Pherai is murdered by the brothers of his wife Thebe, Teisiphon, Lykophron and Peitholaos at Pherai.
King Mausolos of Caria conquers Rhodes.
Philip II takes Pydna. He is supposed to give up Amphipolis to Athens in exchange, but ends up keeping both cities.
Philip II of Macedon conquers Amphipolis.
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesos is burned down by a lunatic who did so to become famous for burning it down.
Ketriporis enters an alliance with Athens, the Illyrians, and the Paeonians (probably under Lykkeios) against Philip II.
Dionysios the Younger, tyrant of Syracuse, is expelled by Dion.
The Bruttians rise up against Thourion.
July 20
Alexander the Great is born in Pella, Macedon
Orchomenos is rebuilt with the help of Phokis.
The Athamanians join Philip II in the Third Sacred War against Phokis.
Artabazos II enlists the help of Thebes, but he is defeated by forces under Artaxerxes III Okhos. Artabazos flees to the court of Philip II.
Orontas revolts again and takes Pergamon. He eventually reconciles with Artaxerxes III and ends the revolt.
Androkles of Amathos sails with the Aegean fleet of Pharnabazos III and Autophradates.
Chares takes up service with the breakaway satrap Artabazos. Artaxerxes III Okhos pressures Athens, and Chares is forced to leave. Artabazos then hires Thebans.
Sparta attempts to destroy Megalopolis, but the city is rescued by Thebes.
350 BCE
Construction of the Mausoleum of Halikarnassos, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Death of Mausolos at Halikarnassos and reign of his sister Artemisia II.
Onomarchos of Phokis takes Koroneia.
Klearchos is murdered at Herakleia Pontika by Chion and Leon. His brother Satyros takes over.
Satyros murders the families, including the children, of all who took part in the assassination of his brother, Klearchos, in Herakleia Pontika. However, he protects his brothers’ children, including Dionysios.
Leukai founded by the Persian admiral Tachos.
Hermeios becomes tyrant of Atarneos.
Death of Artemisia II at Halikarnassos and reign of her brother Idreios.
Beginning of reign of Pnytagoras in Salamis.
Another major rebellion erupts in Sidon against Persian control, led by Tennes (Tabnit), the king of Sidon, who initially receives support from Egypt and Cyprus. However, Artaxerxes III besieges Sidon and defeats the rebels. The Persians destroy Sidon in retaliation, leading to a massacre where thousands of Sidonians die.
The Echo Stoa is built at Olympia.
The inhabitants of Klazomenai and Kyme quarrel over ownership of Leukai, until Klazomenai succeeds.
The Theatre of Epidauros, also designed by Polykleitos the Younger, is constructed.
Mausolos plans a deep-water port at Priene, but it is never finished.
Kassope founded.
Demetrios of Phaleron is born in Phaleron, a port of Athens.
Orchomenos is destroyed again by Thebes.
Philip II conquers Olynthos and thus destroys the Chalkidian League.
Aristotle moves to Assos and marries the niece of its ruler Hermeias, Pythia.
Phokis uses its three fortified cities of Orchomenos, Koroneia, and Koriai to fight against Thebes and the rest of Boeotia.
Dionysios the Younger reclaims the throne of Syracuse.
Philip II hands over Orchomenos and Koroneia to Thebes.
Approximate year that the tyrant Kleommis takes control of Methymna.
When Philip II marches against Kersebleptes, Athenian troops under Chares are sent against Macedonia. However, they soon disappear and Athens has no idea what happened to them.
Death of Satyros of Herakleia Pontika. Timotheos, the son of Klearchos, takes over and makes his brother Dionysios a joint ruler.
Artaxerxes III recognizes Pnytagoras as king of Salamis in exchange for loyalty.
Timoleon lands at Metapontion on his quest in Sicily.
Death of Idreios at Halikarnassos and reign of his wife and sister Ada.
Hiketas besieges Dionysios the Younger in Syracuse.
The major cities in Cyprus – Salamis under Pnytagoras, Kourion, Paphos, and Soloi – rebel against Artaxerxes III Okhos. He sends Idreios along with the Athenian Phokion to quell the rebellion.
Artaxerxes III Okhos sends his satraps Belesys and Mazaios to retake Sidon, Tyre, and Byblos. The Persians are defeated by the Phoenicians, supported by Nektanebo II and Mentor of Rhodes.
Agathokles moves with his father, a potter, to Syracuse.
Agathokles begins his military career serving in the army of Syracuse under the leadership of Timoleon.
Artaxerxes III enters Memphis and installs a satrap. Nektanebo II flees to Nubia.
Either Memnon of Rhodes or his brother Mentor capture Hermeios, tyrant of Atarneos, and put him to death.
Ada is usurped by her brother Pixodaros in Halikarnassos.
Rhodes is conquered by Persia.
Samothrace is incorporated into Macedon by Philip II.
Philip II besieges Perinthos. It is believed this is the battle where Antigonos Monophthalmos loses an eye.
Timoleon of Syracuse drives Carthaginians out of Akragas and declares it a free city.
Nektanebo II is besieged by Artaxerxes III in Memphis. He eventually flees north.
Artaxerxes III Okhos finally succeeds in re-conquering Egypt under Nektanebo II, with the help of mercenaries from Argos, Thebes, and Mentor of Rhodes.
Memnon of Rhodes aids Byzantion in withholding a siege by Philip II.
Philip II with Alexander III enters Phokis and seizes Elataia, then improves its fortifications.
Timoleon ousts the tyrant Nikodemos from Kentoripai.
The Aetolian League receives Naopaktos from Philip II.
Karystos comes under Macedonian control.
Death of Timotheos of Herakleia Pontika. His brother Dionysios is now the sole ruler.
Aristotle moves from the court of Philip II, where he was the tutor to Alexander III, to Mytilene, where his friend Theophrastos lives.
A pro-Macedonian movement in Ephesos is crushed with the help of Autophradates.
The Aetolian League, Athens, and Thebes revolt against Macedon after the death of Philip II.
The Philippeion is constructed by either Philip II or Alexander III (then later) at Olympia.
Memnon of Rhodes is tasked by Darius III with taking Kyzikos and nearly does. It is defended by Kalas.
Alexander the Great demolishes Thebes after a rebellion. Perdikkas is severely wounded in the battle. Orchomenos and Thespiai fight on the side of Alexander.
Alexander III travels through Pelinna on his way to Thebes.
Abydos is besieged by Memnon of Rhodes, forcing Parmenion to give up his siege of Pitane.
Odessos surrenders to Alexander III.
The Lyceum is founded in Athens by Aristotle.
Orchomenos is rebuilt with the help of Alexander III.
The Persian satraps hold council at Zeleia before the Battle of the Granicus.
Alexander III attempts to take Myndos, but is repulsed.
Alexander the Great besieges and eventually takes Halikarnassos, which is strongly defended by Memnon of Rhodes.
Priapos surrenders to Panegoros, a general under Alexander III.
Parmenion, a general of Alexander the Great, takes Gryneion, burns it, and sells the inhabitants as slaves.
Alexander the Great visits the temple to Protesilaos at Elaios.
Erythrai submits to Alexander the Great, who plans to create a canal on the peninsula to connect Teos to Smyrna.
Alexander the Great captures Kyzikos and commissions the effort to connect it to the mainland.
Alexander the Great crosses from Sestos to Abydos. He then visits Troy and returns to Abydos. On his way, he sacrifices at the tomb of Achilles at Achilleion.
The Persians are driven out of Assos and Ephesos by Alexander the Great.
Anaximenes supposedly tricks Alexander III into not destroying Lampsakos.
Alexander III takes Sardis and restores Lydian customs and laws.
Alexander III decrees that citizens of Priene have the right to reside in Naulochos and certain privileges there.
Tralleis surrenders to Alexander III without incident.
Teanum Sidicinum submits to Rome.
With the arrival of Alexander the Great, Chares pays respects to him from Sigeion.
May
The Battle of the Granicus, during which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III, and after which Adramytteion and Kaunos come under his control. Kalas participates with the Thessalian cavalry under Parmenion. Perdikkas serves on the right.
July
After the Battle of the Granicus, Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika increases his power and the size of his kingdom.
Autophradates and Pharnabazos III subjugate Mytilene.
Chares is given command of Mytilene by Autophradates, but he is forced to surrender it to the Macedonians.
Memnon of Rhodes dies during a siege of Mytilene.
Autophradates sails against Tenedos, who capitulate to him and the Persians.
Alexander the Great captures Perge, then marches on to Aspendos. The inhabitants agree to taxes in exhange for being left alone, but as Alexander continues to Side and Sillyon, he learns that Aspendos did not ratify the taxes. Enraged, he turns his army around. Aspendos quickly surrenders, but this time Alexander gives them far harsher terms.
Memnon of Rhodes captures Methymna.
Selge sends an embassy to Alexander III and obtains his friendship.
Alexander the Great arrives at Mallos, builds a bridge over the Pyramos, sacrifices to Amphilochos, and exempts it from paying taxes.
Alexander the Great conquers Cilicia and Pisidia, including Aigai.Tarsos (where he became ill after a swim in the Kydnos River), Soloi, Sagalassos, and Issos.
Alexander III fails to take Termessos.
Exiles from Herakleia Pontika beg Alexander to remove Dionysios and restore their city to democracy. To protect his interests, Dionysios reaches out to Kleopatra, and on her behalf Alexander leaves him in place.
Autophradates leads the Aegean fleet of Persia under the supreme command of Memnon of Rhodes. Azemilkos of Tyre accompanies him.
Agathokles marries the daughter of a wealthy Syracusan citizen, which helps him rise in social and political standing.
Alexandria ad Issum founded by Alexander III.
April
Alexander III spends some time at Phaselis after its surrender.
Methymna is recaptured by Hegelochos, general for Alexander III.
Mallos gives ships to aid Alexander III in the Siege of Tyre.
Alexander the Great enters Egypt, where he is hailed as a liberator. He sacrifices to the gods at Memphis.
Androkles of Amathos, Pnytagoras of Salamis, and Pasikrates of Kourion join Alexander the Great at the Siege of Tyre, where their qinqueremes are destroyed.
The flagships of Pnytagoras of Salamis, Androkles of Amathos, and Pasikrates of Kourion are destroyed while anchored in the harbor of Tyre.
Sidon, Byblos, and Arados under Gerostratos submit to Alexander the Great as he travels through Phoenicia.
Alexander the Great completes the Siege of Tyre. 6000 soldiers are killed in the city, 2000 Tyrians are crucified on the beach, and 30,000 are sold into slavery. Their leader Azemilkos is pardoned but deposed. Gerostratos of Arados presumably plays a part.
Alexander the Great besieges Gaza for five months before finally taking it. He is badly wounded in the head during the encounter. He resettles the city with Bedouins.
Pnytagoras of Salamis is given Tamasos, previously the territory of Pumiathon of Kition, by Alexander the Great.
Nikokreon of Salamis and Pasikrates of Soloi pay homage to Alexander III in Phoenicia and take part in games.
Alexander III deposes Straton as king of Sidon.
Metapontion signs an alliance with Alexander I Molossos.
Tenedos defects to Alexander III, but is then taken and its walls destroyed by Persia.
Tenedos is taken by Hegelochos, a general under Alexander III.
King Agis III of Sparta revolts from Macedonia and besieges Megalopolis, forcing Antipater to act.
Samaria is destroyed by Alexander III.
Zopyrion, a general of Alexander III left in charge of Thrace, unsuccessfully attempts to take Olbia.
Alexander the Great sends an exploratory mission to the Arabian Peninsula while preparing for his campaign in Mesopotamia.
Alexander the Great enters Babylon after defeating Darius III at the Battle of Gaugamela.
Kyrene sends offers of friendship to Alexander the Great in Egypt, but do not come under Macedonian control.
Nikokreon becomes king of Salamis with either the death or removal of Pnytagoras.
April
Alexander the Great returns to Memphis and is informed that the oracles at Didama and Erythrai proclaimed him a son of Zeus.
April
Alexandria, Egypt founded by Alexander the Great.
October 21
Mazaios surrenders Babylon to Alexander III and he enters triumphantly. Mazaios is appointed satrap of Babylon.
326 BCE
April
Antipater defeats the Spartans under Agis III at Megalopolis. The Macedonians take many casualties, but Agis is killed.
July
Alexander the Great stops at Hekatompylos.
Alexander the Great invades Baktria, defeating Bessus (the satrap of Bactria who declared himself king after Darius III’s death) and taking control of the region.
August
Alexandria Eschate founded by Alexander the Great as his furthest outpost.
The remains of Alexander I Molossos are interred at Metapontion.
Balakros is kiled while dealing with an insurrection by the Isaurians and Larandians.
The Akropolis is constructed in Kourion.
The Spartan mercenary Thibron gathers exiles from Kyrene in Cretea and takes the city. However, one of his officers defects to the other side and he is ousted.
Amastris married to Krateros by Alexander the Great at the Susa Weddings.
Seleukos I Nikator marries Apama at the Susa weddings.
Alexander the Great meets his admiral Nearchos at Susa.
Kardia is ruled by the tyrant Hekataios.
Antipater barricaded in Herakleia Trachineia by Athens during the Lamian War.
Kassander sent by Antipater to meet with Alexander III at Babylon in favor of a continued regency.
Philoxenos brings troops from Caria to Babylon.
Ptolemy I Soter marries the Persian Artakama at Susa as ordered by Alexander III.
June
Alexander IV and Philip III are chosen in Babylon as co-sovereigns.
June 11
Alexander the Great dies in Babylon, sparking the Wars of the Diadochi among his generals. Before dying, he gives his signet ring to Perdikkas.
June 30
Partition of Babylon. Abydos and Adramytteion come under control of Leonnatos. Egypt with Alexandria and Gaza are under Ptolemy. Baktria comes under Seleukos I Nikator. Asandros obtains Caria. Laomedon receives Koele-Syria.
September
Kynane of Macedon hatches a plan to marry her daughter, Adea Eurydike, to Philip III. She is killed by Alketas, the brother of Perdikkas, in the process, but soldiers are so disgusted at the murder that they escort Adea to Babylon.
October
Adea Eurydike is married to Philip III, most likely in Babylon.
Antipater and Krateros defeat Athens and the Aetolian League at the Battle of Krannon.
Athens and the Aetolian League leave their baggage at Melitaia before attacking Leonnatos.
Perdikkas besieges Isaura Palaia. Its inhabitants set it on fire and burn their wives and children alive rather than submit them to slavery.
Demetrios of Phaleron purchases the debts of the philospher Xenokrates of Kalchedon, saving him from slavery.
Kleitos the White defeats the Athenian fleet near Amorgos.
December
Alexander IV is born to Roxana in Babylon.
Dionysios puts up a statue of joy in Herakleia Pontika after the death of Alexander. Exiles attempt to persuade Perdikkas to remove him, but through flattery he is able to remain in power.
Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika marries Amastris, after her first husband Krateros divorces her to marry Phila, the daughter of Antipater.
Thibron returns to Kyrene and takes it again.
After years of service in the army, Agathokles gains popularity and starts to accumulate power in Syracuse, becoming involved in political conflicts.
Medeion maintains its independence from the Aetolian League, unlike many of their neighbors.
Partition of Triparadisos. Abydos is given to Arrhidaios. Susa goes to Antigenes. Antipater is left in charge of Macedonia and is entrusted with Alexander IV and Philip III. Asandros is confirmed with Caria. Kleitos the White receives Lydia, replacing Menander. Laomedon is confirmed as satrap of Koele-Syria. Peithon is confirmed in Kophen. Seleukos receives Babylon.
Ptolemy diverts the funeral carriage of Alexander the Great to Alexandria. Archon may have colluded with him on this.
Construction of the Temple of Zeus is started at Stratos, but is never finished.
Demetrios Poliorketes occupies Larissa Kremaste while at war with Kassander.
Apamea on the Axios founded as a Macedonian military camp with a name of Pella.
Lysippos creates relief metopes depicting Hercules’ trials for Alyzeia.
Antigonos Monophthalmos sails to and secures Cyprus. He is given aid by Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika. Antigonos thus marries his nephew Ptolemaios to Dionysios’ daughter.
Birth of son Klearchos to Amastris and Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika.
Polyperchon issues a decree to restore democratic governments in all cities to reduce the allure of Kassander. Those exiled due to this may return, with the exception of Amphissa, Pharkadon, Herakleia Pontika, Trikka, and Megalopolis.
Herakleitos of Pitane, son of Lysistratos, is honored for some reason in Delphi.
Arrhidaios, the governor of Hellespontine Phrygia, besieges Kyzikos, who are under Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Adramytteion seized by Antigonos I Monophthalmos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos forces Termessos to give up Alketas. He then murders him and leaves.
Birth of son Oxyathres to Amastris and Dionysios of Herakleia Pontika.
Antigonos Monophthalmos destroys the fleet of Polyperchon near Byzantion.
Kleitos the White, commanding the fleet of Polyperchon, decisively defeats Nikanor near Byzantion, then lands ashore to celebrate and is attacked by Antigonos Monophthalmos. The remnants of his fleet are destroyed by Nikanor. Kleitor the White escapes ashore where he is killed by men of Lysimachos.
Polyperchon fails to take Megalopolis in a siege, which emboldens other cities against him.
Kassander appoints Demetrios of Phaleron to administer Athens.
Agathokles seizes power in Syracuse by staging a coup. He establishes himself as a tyrant, eliminating his political rivals and ending the democratic government.
June
Polyperchon and Olympias march against Adea Eurydike. Adea’s soldiers refuse to fight against Alexander’s mother and switch to Olympias’ side. Adea is captured near Amphipolis.
Kassander founds Kassandreia from Potidaia and Mende, founds Thessalonika, and rebuilds Thebes.
The bones of Hector are moved from Ophryneion to Thebes to satisfy an oracle.
Seleukos I Nikator joins Antigonos Monophthalmos on his way to Susa.
Agathokles of Syracuse begins a campaign to expand his territory in Sicily. He conquers several neighboring cities, including Gela and Messana.
March
Kassander completes the siege of Pydna and executes Olympias. Alexander IV and Roxana are imprisoned in Amphipolis.
Antigonos Monophthalmos sends his nephew Ptolemy to relieve the siege of Amisos by soldiers under Kassander.
Much of the population of Akanthos is settled in the new city of Ouranopolis by Alexarchos.
Antigonos I Monophthalmos Declaration of Tyre grants autonomy to all Greek cities. While its effects weren’t the same everywhere, it allowed Delos to regain control of its Temple to Apollo from Athens.
Antigonos Monophthalmos destroys the original city of Nikaia and renames it Antigoneia.
Peithon is appointed by Antigonos Monophthalmos as satrap of Babylon in place of Seleukos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos is received by Seleukos I Nikator in Babylon. When Antigonos demands income from the province, Seleukos flees to Ptolemy I Soter in Egypt.
Pumiathon of Kition agrees to an alliance with Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Pasikrates of Kourion rejects an alliance with Antigonos Monophthalmos and remains loyal to Ptolemy I Soter.
Antigonos Monophthalmos besieges Tyre.
Patara occupied and used as a naval base by Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Apollonides, a general of Kassander, takes Stymphalos.
Stratos is occupied by Kassander to use as a base against the Aetolian League. He resettles people from elsewhere in Akarnania there.
Ptolemy I Soter gives Seleukos I Nikator a small fleet, which he uses to force Asandros to ally with Ptolemy. He also takes Erythrai and besieges Kition along with Menelaos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos creates the Koinon of the Nesiotes, the first federation of the Cyclades Islands, with Delos as its common sanctuary.
Alexander, the son of Polyperchon, is assassinated in Sikyon. His wife Kratesipolis takes control of the city.
Kassander seizes Dyrrhachion, but the garrison he leaves there is besieged and the city is retaken by Illyrians and Korkyra.
Kassander driven out of Dyme by a general of Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Tyre is taken by Antigonos Monophthalmos after a year.
Aristodemos, a general of Antigonos Monophthalmos, frees Patrai from its garrison of Kassander.
Kassander besieges Histaia, but is forced to leave upon the approach of Ptolemy, a general of Antigonos Monophthalmos.
Lysimachos besieges and occupies Kallatis.
Seuthes III supports the revolt of Kallatis against Lysimachos but is defeated.
Orchomenos is taken by Kassander from Polyperchon.
Odessos rebels against Lysimachos.
Istros undergoes significant damage in a revolt by Pontic Greeks.
Kratesipolis wards off the army of Antigonos’ general Telesphoros from Sikyon.
Antigonos Monophthalmos obtains control of Tralleis.
Pleistarchos serves as garrison commander in Chalkis.
Edom (by now Idumea) comes under Ptolemaic rule.
Kassander again attempts to take Dyrrhachion until the city comes under the protection of Glaukias, king of the Illyrians. Kassope is also involved.
Agathokles of Syracuse temporarily takes Kentoripai.
Seleukos I Nikator gains control of Babylon, founding the Seleukid Empire and beginning Babylon’s decline as a center of power as Seleukos establishes Seleukeia on the Tigris.
Antigonos‘s son, Demetrios I suffers a major defeat at the Battle of Gaza against Ptolemy I and Seleukos I. Peithon is killed.
Demetrios Poliorketes defeated at the Battle of Gaza by Ptolemy I Soter and Seleukos I Nikator.
Demetrios Poliorketes leads a campaign against the Nabataeans in Arabia, but is forced to withdraw.
Outbreak of the Agathokles War: The tyrant Agathokles of Syracuse invades North Africa, threatening Carthage but is ultimately repelled.
Agathokles‘ conflict with Carthage escalates. Agathokles faces a major invasion by the Carthaginian general Hamilcar, who besieges Syracuse. In a daring move, Agathokles decides to strike back by invading North Africa.
Polyperchon controls much of the Peloponnese, including Corinth and Sikyon.
Demetrios Poliorketes defeats Killes, a general of Ptolemy I Soter, at the Battle of Myos.
Lysimachos subdues Kallatis and reaches a peace with Seuthes III.
Agathokles launches his expedition to North Africa, landing near Carthage. His unexpected attack catches the Carthaginians off guard, and he achieves several victories on African soil. Agathokles declares himself king of Sicily during this campaign, marking a significant shift in his ambitions.
Demetrios Poliorketes attempts to take Babylon from Seleukos I Nikator, but is defeated.
Lysimachos obtains control over parts of Thrace, including Abdera. He destroys Kardia to provide inhabitants for Lysimachia.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos is born on Kos to Berenike I and Ptolemy I.
Kassander travels to Apollonia Pontika to enlarge his territories.
Lysimacheia constructed by Lysimachos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos besieges and takes Phaselis.
Enna opens its gates to Xenodicus under the hope of his promise of freedom.
The painter Apelles, famous for his work at the Asklepion, dies on Kos.
Kleopatra accepts an offer of marriage from Ptolemy I from her base in Sardis. Antigonos Monophthalmos, who fears the union, executes her.
Agathokles persuades Ophellas of Kyrene to join him as an ally against Carthage. Agathokles at first receives him warmly, then attacks his camp unexpectedly, kills Ophellas, and claims his troops.
Demetrios Poliorketes takes Athens from Kassander and forces Demetrios of Phaleron to flee to Thebes.
Antigonos Monophthalmos gives Athens grain and timber and removes his garrison from Imbros, giving the island back to Athens.
Marriage of Demetrios Poliorketes to Eurydike, an Athenian noblewoman and the widow of Ophellas of Kyrene.
Kephaloidion attacked and taken by Agathokles of Syracuse.
Antigonos Monophthalmos founds Antigoneia in Syria.
Seleukos I Nikator constructs Seleukeia on the Tigris.
Eunostos of Soloi marries Eirene, daughter of Ptolemy I Soter and Thais.
Alexandria Troas founded by Antigonos I Monophthalmos from the cities of Neandria, Skepsis, Hamaxitos, Kolone, Kebren, Larissa-Ptolemais, and Achilleion.
Demetrios Poliorketes attempts to enlist the help of Rhodes, but fails.
A new theater is built at Ilion.
Demetrios Poliorketes captures Cyprus from Ptolemy I Soter and Menelaus – including Salamis, Kourion, Soloi, Paphos, and Amathos.
Death of Dionysios at Herakleia Pontika. The kingdom is left to his wife Amastris.
Demetrios Poliorketes besieges Rhodes and invents many new siege engines for the purpose (earning him the title ‘besieger’) but he fails and is forced to leave them. Knossos provides troops to support Rhodes.
Ptolemy I declares himself Pharaoh and moves his capital to Alexandria, thus beginning the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
Demetrios Poliorketes seizes Epidauros, Sikyon, Corinth, Bura, Argos, and Orchomenos.
Antigonos Monophthalmos attempts to join Lebedos to Teos, but the act is never completed.
Patara is used as a naval base by Demetrios Poliorketes during his siege of Rhodes.
Demetrios Poliorketes pushes Kassander out of Athens and chases him to Herakleia Trachineia, who submit to him.
Demetrios Poliorketes re-establishes the Corinthian League while at Athens.
Pleistarchos, Eupolemos and Kassander are defeated at the Diplyon Gate – the only double gate for Athens – by the Athenians while trying to re-install Demetrios of Phaleron.
Kentoripai taken by Agathokles of Syracuse.
Heraia joins the Aetolian League.
Pleistarchos is expelled from Argos.
Demetrios Poliorketes relocates Sikyon to a more defensible location.
Lysimachos convinces Teos and Kolophon to surrender, but Klazomenai and Erythrai are reinforced by Antigonos and are not taken.
Mithridates I is slain in Kios after appearing to shift his allegiance from Antigonos Monophthalmos to Kassander. He had also ruled Myrleia.
Halos is refounded by Demetrios Poliorketes.
Demetrios Poliorketes captures Larissa.
Adramytteion and Ephesos are taken by Prepalaos, a general under Lysimachos.
Abydos besieged by Lysimachos.
Thebai serves as a stronghold of Kassander against Demetrios Poliorketes.
Kleonymos of Sparta takes Korkyra, but doesn’t hold it for long.
Lysimachos takes control of Herakleia Pontika and marries Amastris.
Demetrios Poliorketes blockades the Hellespont, forcing Pleistarchos to turn back. Pleistarchos’ ship is destroyed in a storm on the way to Herakleia and he survives by clinging to the wreckage.
Lysimachos takes Sigeion by force from Antigonos I Monophthalmos.
Amaseia and Amisos are incorporated into the Kingdom of Pontus when Mithridates I Ktistes establishes the Pontic Kingdom. Amaseia is chosen as the capital, due to its strategic location in a defensible valley along the Iris River.
Aetolian League occupies Delphi.
Antigoneia renamed to Alexandria Troas by Lysimachos.
Antigoneia is captured by Lysimachos and renamed Nikaia, in honor of his recently deceased wife.
Lysimachos appoints Philetairos commander of Pergamon, including its vast treasury.
Amastris travels to Sardis with Lysimachos, who turns his attention to Arsinoe II. Amastris returns to Herakleia Pontika.
Estimated foundation of Uranopolis by Alexarchos.
Seleukos I Nikator founds the city of Charax Spasinu (near modern-day Basra, Iraq) as a port city to facilitate trade between Mesopotamia and Arabia.
The Leonidaion is built at Olympia to house visitors.
Around this time, Lysimachos combined Achilleion with other communities around Ilion.
Demetrios Poliorketes ravages the territory of Lysimachos and takes Lampsakos twice without holding it.
Antigonos II installs the tyrant Kleon at Sikyon.
Seleukeia Piera is founded by Seleukos I Nikator.
The Macedonian camp of Pella is fortified by Seleukos I Nikator and renamed Apameia in honor of his wife Apama.
Eupolemos is believed to have served as a general under Pleistarchos in Mylasa.
May
Antioch founded by Seleukos I Nikator of the Seleukid dynasty.
Korkyra is again besieged by Kassander, but Agathokles of Syracuse destroys his fleet.
Pyrrhos is taken as a hostage to Alexandria in an arrangement between Demetrios Poliorketes and Ptolemy I Soter.
Pyrrhos marries Antigone, the stepdaughter of Ptolemy I Soter, in Alexandria.
Demetrios of Phaleron travels to the court of Ptolemy I Soter in Alexandria.
Approximate foundation of Seleukeia ad Kalykadnon. The inhabitants of Holmoi migrate there.
Demetrios Poliorketes besieges Athens, which comes under the tyranny of Lachares.
Korkyra is provided as dowry to Pyrrhos by Agathokles of Syracuse for the marriage of his daughter, Lanassa.
First mention of Aesernia, when it was already under Rome.
Approximate date when Dyrrhachion comes under the control of Pyrrhos of Epeiros.
Demetrias founded by Demetrios I Poliorketes, who moved the inhabitants of Neleia, Pagasai, Ormenion, Rhizos, Sepias, Olizon, Boebe, and Iolkos to create it.
Demetrios Poliorketes takes control of Athens and pardons its citizens for their resistance to him.
Demetrios I Poliokcetes of Macedon gains control over Amphipolis.
Amathos, Soloi, and Salamis become part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt under Ptolemy I Soter. They are incorporated into the Ptolemaic administrative system, as Cyprus becomes a strategic naval and commercial hub for the Ptolemies.
Estimated death of Pleistarchos. Eupolemos succeeds him at Mylasa.
Lysimachos moves the entire population of Lebedos to Ephesos.
Ephesos comes under Lysimachos, who forces everyone to move to a new settlement that he names after his wife Arsinoe.
Demetrios Poliorketes and Antigonos II take Thebes after a siege. Huge siege engines are used to break its walls.
Lanassa leaves Pyrrhos for Demetrios Poliorketes and attempts to transfer ownership of Korkyra to him.
287 BCE
Demetrios I Poliorketes organizes the Fifth Sacred War against the Aetolian League‘s occupation of Delphi, but is pushed out with the help of Pyrrhos.
Agathokles dies of natural causes at the age of 72. On his deathbed, he decides not to pass his power to his descendants, attempting to restore a democratic government in Syracuse.
Smyrna is renamed to Eurydikeia by Lysimachos in honor of his daughter Eurydike.
After the death of Agathokles of Syracuse, Phintias declared himself leader of Akragas.
Thebes allies itself with Lysimachos and the Aetolian League.
Lysimachia severely damaged by an earthquake.
Demetrios Poliorketes besieges Athens but is unsuccessful.
Demetrios I Poliorketes loses control of Macedon, including Amphipolis, to Lysimachos.
Lysimachos executes his son Agathokles for treason, and Ephesos revolts as a result.
Amastris is drowned by her two sons, Klearchos and Oxyathres. The two brothers take over Herakleia Pontika.
Ptolemy II takes power in Alexandria. He is believed to have founded the Library of Alexandria.
Lysimachos returns to Herakleia Pontika and is initially warm to Klearchos and Oxyathres, then kills them for drowning their mother and allows the city to return to democracy.
Tios regains its autonomy.
Philetairos deserts Lysimachos and offers Pergamon to Seleukos I Nikator. This begins the Kingdom of Pergamon.
Arsinoe II begs Lysimachos to let her have Herakleia Pontika. He eventually relents, and she installs Herakleides of Kyme, who becomes tyrant.
The Romans under Gaius Fabricius Luscinus defeat Lucanians and Bruttians who had besieged Thourion.
A Sixth Sacred War is led by King Arios of Sparta, in an effort to dislodge the Aetolian League from Delphi, but is defeated.
Lysimachos defeated at the Battle of Coropedion. Adramytteion, Ainos, and Abydos come under control of the Seleukid Empire. Ephesos returns to its original name.
Assassins are sent to kill Arsinoe II in Ephesos after the death of her husband. She escapes to Kassandreia after using a decoy.
Seleukos I Nikator besieges Sardis without success.
The ashes of Seleukos I Nikator are burned by Antiochos I Soter at Seleukeia Piera.
Kebren is possibly refounded by Antiochos I Soter as Antiocheia.
The Athamanians are conquered by Pyrrhos of Epeiros.
March
When news of the death of Lysimachos reaches Herakleia Pontika, they seize the tyrant Herakleides, appoint Phokritos as governor, and make overtures to Seleukos.
July
Zipoetes, the first ruler in the Bithynian dynasty, lays waste to the territory around Herakleia Pontika.
The Aetolian League obtains Herakleia Trachineia, giving them control over the pass of Thermopylae.
Arsinoe II escapes from Ptolemy Keraunos and exiles herself to Samothrace.
Dyrrhachion comes under the control of King Monounios.
The Aetolian League along with Antigonos II Gonatas defeat an invasion of Gauls.
Larissa Phrikonis is burnt to the ground by Galatian raiders.
Death of Phintias tyrant of Akragas.
Philetairos provides food and aid to Kyzikos against invading Gauls.
Antigonos II defeats the Gauls at the Battle of Lysimacheia.
Amphipolis falls under the control of Antigonos II Gonatas after his victory over the Gauls at the Battle of Lysimachia.
Magas refuses to submit to Ptolemy II Philadelphos and declares himself king of Kyrene.
The inhabitants of Babylon are moved to Seleukeia on the Tigris.
Tyre becomes a republic.
Hiero II seizes power in Syracuse.
The inhabitants of Bura assassinate their tyrant and join the Achaian League.
Pyrrhos of Epiros attacks Argos, which is helped by Antigonos II, and is killed there when an old woman throws a brick on him.
Antigonos II installs the tryant Aristippos the Elder at Argos.
Aristodamos the Good is installed as Tyrant of Megalopolis by Antigonos II Gonatas.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos founds a new city named Arsinoe, named for his wife Arsinoe II, on the ruins of Marion.
Athens is convinced by Chremonides to join Sparta in declaring war on Antigonos II.
Antigonos II blockades Athens and destroys a temple to Poseidon between it and Megara. Ptolemy II sends a fleet to break the blockade.
First Punic War begins between Rome and Carthage over control of Sicily.
Antigonos II installs the tyrant Abantidas at Sikyon.
A colony with Latin rights is settled in Aesernia by Rome after the defeat of the Samnites.
Kentoripai submits to Rome.
Eumenes I becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Pergamon after the death of Philetairos.
The Spartans under Akrotatos invade Megalopolis, but are defeated by Aristodamos the Good. Akrotatos is killed.
Ptolemy II Philadelphos sends Ptolemy Epigonos to Miletos on business.
Antiochos I Soter is defeated while attempting to retake Pergamon by the Attalid Eumenes I in a battle near Sardis.
261 BCE
The mathematician Apollonios is born in Perge.
Athens and Sparta make peace with Antigonos II, who maintains his hold on Greece.
Roman troops near Thermai Himeraiai are attacked by Carthage under Hamilcar and defeated.
The city of Arsinoe in Cilicia is founded by Ptolemy II Philadelphos on land taken from Nagidos.
Approximate foundation of Laodikeia ad Lycon by Antiochos II in honor of his wife, Laodike.
Ptolemy Epigonos and the tyrant Timarchos of Miletos revolt against Ptolemy II Philadelphos.
258 BCE
Antiochos II Theos of the Seleukid Empire fights the Second Syrian War against Ptolemy II Philadelphos of Egypt. Arados takes the side of Antiochos.
Miletos is taken by Antiochos II Theos and its tyrant Timarchos is killed. The rebellion with Ptolemy Epigonos against Ptolemy II Philadelphos ends.
Kos comes under Antigonos II Gonatas.
The Second Syrian War ends. Ptolemy II cedes land to Antiiochos II and Antigonos II remains in mastery of Greece. Antiochos II takes control over Ephesos, Samos, and Miletos.
The navy of Ptolemy II Philadelphos is defeated by Antiochos II Theos at Ephesos.
The Romans Aulus Atilius Calatinus and Scipio Nasica take Kephaloidion by treachery.
October
Death of Stratonike at Sardis.
July
Ptolemy II Philadelphos travels to Memphis and distributes reclaimed land near there to his soldiers.
Aristodamos the Good, the tyrant of Megalopolis, is assassinated and the city returns to a democracy.
Antigonos II installs the tyrant Paseas at Sikyon.
Stratos is taken by the Aetolian League.
Antigonos II installs the tyrant Nikokles at Sikyon.
Aratos of Sikyon removes the tyrant Nikokles, who Antigonos II had installed. Antigonos II attempts to bribe Aratos but is unsuccessful.
Diodotos I, the Seleukid satrap of Baktria, declares independence from the Seleukid Empire, establishing the Greco-Baktrian Kingdom.
Dyrrhachion comes under the control of King Argon of the Ardiai, who fortifies it.
Attalos attacks the forces of the usurper Adaios and defeats him, then engages in friendly negotiations with Lampsakos, Alexandria Troas, and Ilion, all of which had remained loyal to him.
Seleukeia Piera is captured by Ptolemy III Euergetes.
Antiochos III besieges Kypsela until the locals join his army.
Lydiades becomes tyrant of Megalopolis.
Abydos and Ephesos conquered by Ptolemy III of Egypt.
Antigonos II regains control over Corinth.
Megara expels is Macedonian garrison and joins the Achaian League.
Aratos of Sikyon takes Acrocorinth. The inhabitants of Corinth rise up against Antigonos II.
The Aetolian League invades the Peloponnese and takes Pellene.
Romans elevate Kentoripai to a free city due to their loyalty.
Thermai Himeraiai is besieged and taken by Rome.
Epidauros suffers in the wake of the Kleomenean War, but the sanctuary and city are quickly restored.
The poet Aratos, who wrote a poem on the constellations, dies in Pella.
Orchomenos is taken by Kleomenes III of Sparta.
Hamilcar Barca begins the Carthaginian expansion in Iberia (Spain), establishing a base for Carthage’s later campaigns.
The Parhi tribe takes Hekatompylos and makes it a capital of the Parthian Empire.
Orchomenos switches from the Aetolian League to the Achaian League.
Lydiades steps down as tyrant of Megalopolis and joins the city to the Achaian League.
A temple to Astarte is erected in Kition.
The Aetolian League is attacked by Illyria.
The Aetolian League besieges Medeion, but are defeated by reinforcements sent by Demetrios II of Macedon.
Dyrrhachion comes under Queen Teuta after the death of her husband, Agron.
Hermione ruled by tyrant named Xenon.
Pyrrha is destroyed by an earthquake and according to Pliny is swallowed by the sea.
The Achaean League takes control of Aegina, but it is soon captured by Rome.
Korkyra is occupied by Illyrians under Demetrios of Pharos.
Romans are allowed to take part in the Isthmian Games of Corinth.
The Illyrians under Queen Teuta are defeated by the Romans and Dyrrhachion is placed under Demetrios of Pharos.
Aratos of Sikyon takes the Acrocorinth and frees Argos. Xenon steps down in Hermione.
Rome liberates Korkyra from the Illyrians and declares the city free and a Roman protectorate.
Orikos becomes part of the Roman protectorate of Illyricum.
The Spartans under King Kleomenes III defeat the Achaian League under Aratos of Sikyon (and including Argos and Megalopolis) in the Battle of Dyme.
An earthquake destroys Kamiros.
Sparta returns Pellene to Achaia after an intervention by Macedon.
Mantineia is sacked by Antigonos III Doson. The city is handed over to Aratos of Sikyon, who repopulates it and renames it to Antigonia.
Megara leaves the Achaian League and joins the Boeotian League.
Orchomenos is occupied by the Macedonians under Antigonos III Doson, who places a garrison there.
The walls around the lower city in Perge are constructed.
Tegea is taken by Antigonos II Doson and annexed to the Achaian League.
216 BCE
The Lyttian War is fought between an alliance led by Knossos and one led by Polyrhenion. On the side of Knossos were Rhodes, the Aetolian League, and Kydonia. On the side of Polyrhenion were Lyttos, Macedon, and the Achaian League.
Kleitor repulses an attack by the Aetolian League.
Eleutherna triggers the Lyttian War by accusing Rhodes of murdering their leader Timarchos.
Mithridates II unsuccessfully attempts to take Sinope, which is helped by Rhodes.
Construction of the Library of Pergamon begins.
Achaios declares himself king of the region including Laodikeia ad Lykon.
Ambrakia is besieged by Philip V of Macedon, Phytia taken, and Metropolis is burned during the Social War between the Achaean League and the Aetolian League, of which Ambrakia is a member.
Philip V spends the summer at Larissa.
Carthaginian general Hannibal attacks Saguntum in Iberia, leading to the Second Punic War with Rome.
Antiochos III recaptures Seleukeia Pieria.
The Romans defeat the Illyrians again in the Second Illyrian War and Dyrrhachion comes under Roman control.
Selge is besieged by Achaios and sue for peace after supplies dwindle.
All of Tegea, except the Akropolis, is taken by the Spartan general Lykorgos.
The meeting of the Achaian assembly is transferred from Aigion to Sikyon.
Gauls invade the Troad and besiege Ilion. Alexandria Troas dispatches an army of 4000 and relieves the siege.
Battle of Cannae: Hannibal of Carthage defeats a large Roman army, inflicting one of Rome’s worst defeats.
Antiochos III besieges Sardis but fails to take its akropolis.
Hieronymos becomes king of Syracuse.
Pinarius, the governor of Enna, worries that the city will defect from the Romans. He therefore uses the garrison to massacre its citizens in the theater.
Syracuse is besieged by Rome.
Achaios, who ruled over the territory including Laodikeia ad Lykon, is defeated by Antiochos III.
Antiochos III transports 2000 Jewish families from Babylon to Laodikeia ad Lykon.
Syracuse is finally taken by Rome. Archimedes is killed.
Metapontion allies itself with Hannibal.
The Romans under Marcus Valerius Laevinus take Zakynthos except for the citadel.
Rome retakes Akragas and renames it to Agrigentum.
A Roman army under Sulpicius Puplius and the Aetolian League ravages Sikyon before being pushed out by Philip V.
The Roman general Sulpicius sacks Dyme and sells its population as slaves.
Scipio Africanus conquers Qart Hadasht and renames it to Carthago Nova.
Antiochos III of the Seleukid Empire campaigns in Baktria but eventually agrees to a peace with Euthydemos I, the Greco-Baktrian king, recognizing the kingdom’s independence.
The head of the Macedonian garrison in Histaia betrays the city to the Romans.
Kios and Myrleia destroyed by Philip V, which enrages the Aetolian League.
Philip V persuades Kalchedon and Lysimachia to break from the Aetolian League.
The Romans remove a large black meteorite(?) from Pessinos to Rome as part of introducing the Cult of the Great Mother of Ida to Rome to counter an alarming number of meteor showers.
Battle of Zama: Roman general Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal in North Africa, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is forced to surrender and pay heavy reparations to Rome.
Countryside around Adramytteion pillaged by Philip V of Macedon.
Philipoemen is invited to Gortyna and takes control of its military.
Soldiers of Philip V construct a defensive fort on Kythnos.
197 BCE
Troops the Athamanes and the Aetolian League camp near Pharkadon, but are attacked by troops of Philip V and pushed away.
A vaulted archway to the Olympic Stadium is constructed in Olympia.
Larissa Kremaste taken by Lucius Apustius.
Romans assault and take Histaia.
Thyrrheion becomes the new capital of Akarnania.
The Getai besiege Istros and are bribed to withdraw.
Hekatompylos is the capital of the Arsakid Dynasty.
Akanthos attacked by a fleet of Romans and the Pergamene Kingdom in the Second Macedonian War.
The Aetolian League attempt to take Metropolis after Philip V retreats, but they are repulsed.
Karystos is taken by the Romans, and due to its marble quarries becomes an important center.
Elataia is attacked and taken by the Romans.
The Romans under T. Quinctius Flamininus besieges Atrax, but fail to take it.
After the Romans take Phaloria, Kierion and Metropolis surrender their cities and are not attacked.
The Aetolian League aids Rome in defeating Philip V in the Battle of Cynoscephalae. Philip pauses for a day at Gonnos for troops who had survived the battle. Several hundred soldiers from Gortyna participate on the Roman side.
Rhodes re-takes Stratonikeia.
Lysimachia is destroyed by Thracians.
Lycia, including Phaselis, is overrun by Antiochos III.
Titus Quinctius Flamininus unsuccessfully attempts to take Thebai.
The Romans declare Peparethos a free city.
Larissa becomes the headquarters of the Thessalian League.
Sestos surrenders to Antiochos III.
Antiochos III rebuilds Lysimachia.
The Romans seize Demetrias and put a garrison in the town.
Antiochos III captures Patara and makes it the capital of Lycia.
The city of Rome was deified in Smyrna as the goddess Roma.
Hannibal escapes to Tyre from the Romans.
Hipponion becomes a Roman colony with the name of Vibo Valentia.
A roman colony is established at Thourion.
Metropolis and Kierion are taken by Antiochos III in the Roman-Seleukid War.
Antiochos III, desiring to meet Rome in battle, is detained by the cities of Alexandria Troas, Smyrna, and Lampsakos, which refused entreaties.
Chalkis used as a base by Antiochos III for invading Greece.
Aetolians are besieged in Herakleia Trachineia by Acilius Glabrio. After 21 days the town is taken.
Antiochos III takes Atrax, by then a Roman stronghold, and Medeion.
Metropolis and Kierion agains surrender their cities to the Romans, this time under Manius Acilius Glabrio.
Antiochos III refortifies Sestos in preparation for a Roman attack.
Marcus Baebius Tamphilus takes Phakion.
Rome under Marcus Fulvius Nobilior conquers Zakynthos.
The Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio sack Lamia.
Livius is sent to Anatolia and the cities of Miletos, Myndos, Halikarnassos, Knidos, and Kos are friendly.
Antiochos III is defeated by Scipio Asiaticus at the Battle of Magnesia. Through treaty, Ephesos comes under the Attalids. Alabanda comes under Roman control.
Sestos surrenders to Gaius Livius Salinator.
Antiochos III orders the inhabitants of Lysimachia to abandon their city.
The mathematician Apollonios dies in Perge.
Ambrakia captured and plundered by the Romans under Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, then declared a free city. Argos Amphilochikan is used as his base.
Korkyra is ruled by a Roman prefect.
Same destroyed by Fulvius Nobilior.
Kranion surrenders to the Romans without resistance.
The Athamanians are freed from the Macedonians by King Amynander.
The consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso defeats Tabai, who had blocked his path, and fines them.
Gnaeus Manlius Vulso travels through Synnada on an expedition against the Galatians.
Treaty of Apamea. Euromos, Laodikeia ad Lykon, Sestos, and Abydos returned to the Kingdom of Pergamon.
New city walls are constructed in Pergamon.
Ainos is declared a free city by the Romans.
Kydonia and Polyrhenion capture Phalasarna.
Priansos and other cities in Crete sign an alliance with Eumenes II of Pergamon.
Pharnakeia is founded by Pharnakes I of Pontos.
The last king of that Athamanians, King Selipos, resists the Romans.
The Bastarni people destroy Istros.
Mallos and Tarsos ally against Antiochos IV Epiphanes.
Menander I succeeds in expanding Greco-Baktrian control into northwestern India, reaching the peak of Greco-Baktrian influence.
Armies of Eumenes II and the Romans sack Abdera.
Polyrhenion and Kydonia capture Apollonia.
The Romans under Aemilius Paulus destroy the cities of the Athamanians and Kassope.
Amphipolis becomes the capital of one of the four meris created by Rome out of Macedon.
Pella is sacked by Romans.
June 22
July
Philip of Macedon, after being defeated at the Battle of Pydna, stops briefly at Galepsos before heading to Samothrace.
Lycia, including Phaselis, and Caria, including Stratonikeia, are given its freedom from Rhodes by Rome.
During the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleukids, tensions increase between the Jewish population and Idumeans, who are caught between the Seleukids and the Hasmoneans.
The Pergamon Altar is constructed.
Rhodes becomes a permanent client state of Rome.
Kyrene is established as a separate kingdom by Ptolemy VIII after he is banished.
The Library at Pergamon reaches its peak form.
Approximate date when Nagidos is abandoned, possibly due to pirate activity.
Alexander Balas gives Tyre the right to asylum.
Attalaia is founded by Attalos II.
Third Punic War begins after Roman accusations of Carthaginian breaches of treaty terms.
Korkyra is attached to the Roman province of Macedonia.
A major earthquake strikes Antioch. Alexander Balas aids in the rebuilding.
Thessalonika made the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia.
Destruction of Carthage: Roman forces led by Scipio Aemilianus capture and destroy Carthage, ending the war. The city is burned, and its survivors are sold into slavery.
141 BCE
Adiabene conquered by the Parthian king Mithridates I.
Apamea on the Axios becomes the primary base for the usurper Diodotus Tryphon.
The Parthians capture Babylon, further diminishing its prominence as they establish their own empire.
Seleukeia on the Tigris comes under Parthian rule.
Praisos is burned down by Hieropytna.
Enna is at the center of the First Servile War.
Samos sides with the pretender Eumenes III against Rome.
Stratonikeia leads a revolt of cities against Rome.
Yuezhi tribes (future Kushans) conquer Baktria, ending the Greco-Baktrian Kingdom and beginning the era of Kushan dominance in the region.
Methymna allies formally with Rome.
126 BCE
Manius Aquillius is governor of Asia and rebuilds the road from Adramytteion to Smyrna.
Tralleis is punished by Rome for supporting the pretender Eumenes III by losing the privilege to mint coins.
Tyre adopts its own calendar.
The Romans found a colony at Skylletion.
The Roman Senate authorizes the establishment of a new Roman colony, Colonia Junonia, on the site of Carthage, though it is soon abandoned.
The Roman proconsul Q. Fabious Maximus quells an uprising in Dyme against Roman rule.
John Hyrcanus destroys Samaria.
Odessos places itself under Mithridates VI.
Alexander Jannaios besieges Gaza for a year, then kills all the inhabitants and destroys it.
Kyrene becomes part of the Roman Empire.
An earthquake attested by Jewish sources destroys Apamea.
Aesernia is defended in the Social War against the Samnites by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, but is driven by famine to surrender.
Pella is destroyed by an earthquake.
Straton’s Tower (later named Caesaria Maritima) is captured by the Judean king Alexander Jannaios.
Chalkis is used by Mithridates VI for invading Greece.
Mithridates VI‘s troops take Delos and ransack it.
With the help of Mithridates VI, the inhabitants of Kaunos kill all Romans in their city.
Mithridates VI stays for some time at Stratonikeia and marries one of its citizens.
Athens is sacked by the Romans.
The Samnites are defeated by Rome in the Social War. Because it had defected, Aesernia is severely punished and deserted by Sulla.
Mithridates VI makes Pergamon his headquarters of his war against Rome.
Patara is besieged by Mithridates VI.
The Sanctuary to Asklepios at Epidauros is looted by Sulla.
Sulla robs the artifacts of Olympia to pay for the war.
Taxiles, a general of Mithridates VI, attempts to take Elataia but the city successfully resists. The Romans declare Elataia a free city in gratitude.
Ephesos returns to Roman rule and is taxed harshly by Sulla.
Sulla destroys Larymna after a victory at Orchomenos.
Ilion is destroyed by Sulla.
Sulla makes Apamea in Phrygia a local capital.
The sanctuary at Samothrace is pillaged by corsairs.
Sulla uses Kypsela as a base while Mithridates uses Pergamon, and between these places they meet.
Soloi is sacked by Tigranes the Great.
Lucullus undertakes the Siege of Mytilene. Julius Caesar serves with him.
Sulla uses the Olympic Games at Olympia to celebrate his victory over Mithridates VI.
Ilion suffers an attack by pirates.
Berenike III installs Ptolemy XI as co-regent of Egypt. He then murders Berenike III and is subsequently lynched in Alexandria. Ptolemy XII becomes king.
The pirate Zekenites, based in Phaselis, is defeated by Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus.
Isaura Palaia is destroyed for a final time by the Roman Servilius Isauricus. A new city was eventually built elsewhere and called Isaura Nea.
Julius Caesar travels to Rhodes to study with Apollonius Molon.
While on his way back from Rhodes, Julius Caesar is intercepted and ransomed by pirates.
Cicero serves as questor of Sicily at Syracuse.
Kyzikos is defended by the Romans against a siege by Mithridates VI.
Ilion sides with the Roman general Lucullus against Mithridates VI.
Kyrene receives its first Roman governor, Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus.
The Roman general Lucullus sacks Apollonia Pontika and takes Kallatis.
Nikaia, along with the rest of Bithynia, comes under Roman control.
Thourion is taken by Spartacus.
Rome declares Termessos an independent city.
Delos destroyed again by pirates under Athenodoros, an ally of Mithridates VI.
King from Adiabene participated in the Battle of Tigranocerta on the side of Tigranes the Great.
The Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus conquers Crete, incorporating it into the Roman Republic. Eleutherna, along with Gortyna, Knossos, and Kydonia, come under Roman rule
Julius Caesar, during his campaigns in Greece, visits the sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidauros.
Romans sent to counter piracy destroy Phalasarna.
Pompey travels to Phasis where his Euxine fleet is based.
Phanagoria, Nymphaion, Chersonesos, and Theodosia revolt against Mithridates VI.
Seleukeia on the Issos (Rhosos) is annexed by Rome.
Following the defeat of Mithridates VI by Pompey the Great, Amastris, Amisos, and Amaseia are integrated into the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus.
Gaza incorporated into the Roman Empire and rebuilt by Aulus Gabinius.
The lands belonging to Attalaia and Olympos, previous havens of pirate activity, are put up for sale by the Romans.
The Romans declare Straton’s Tower (later Caesaria Maritima) a free city.
Approximate year when Pompey rewards Deiotaros for his assistance against Mithridates VI by making him King of Galatia. Pessinos loses its sacred status.
The Roman Flaccus confiscates 45 kg of gold intended for the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem at Apamea in Phrygia.
The Bastarni people defeat the Roman consul Gaius Antonius Hybrida at Istros.
Pompey rewards Ilion for its loyalty.
King Ptolemy XII Auletes retires to Ephesos when the Roman Senate refuses to reinstate him to the throne.
The hippodrome is completed in Antioch and fits 80,000 fans.
Approximate year that Olbia is sacked by the Getae under Burebista.
Mithridates III, the reigning monarch of the Parthians, is defeated by Orodes II at Seleukeia on the Tigris.
The Battle of Carrhae, in which the Parthians defeated the Romans. solidifies Parthian influence in Mesopatamia, including Adiabene.
The Roman general Crassus sacks the temple at Manbog on his way to the Parthians.
Cicero arrives at Alyzeia and writes a letter to his friend Tiro.
Cicera holds legal sessions at Laodikeia ad Lykon.
46 BCE
Apameia on the Axios remains under siege by Julius Caesar until Cassius’ arrival.
47 BCE
Amisos falls to Pharnakes II after a long resistance. Julius Caesar recognizes this and declares the city’s freedom.
Megara, besieged by the Romans under Quintus Fufius Calenus, attempt to unleash lions on the Romans. The lions instead attack unarmed Megarians.
Julius Caesar, having been repulsed at Dyrrhachion, arrives at Gomphoi but they bar their gates. He takes the city by force.
Julius Caesar bestows benefactions on Ilion.
Pompey forces Julius Caesar to retreat at the Battle of Dyrrhachion.
Julius Caesar visits the region following his victory over Pharnaces II (son of Mithridates VI) at the Battle of Zela (near modern-day Zile, close to Amaseia). He reportedly utters the famous phrase “Veni, vidi, vici” (“I came, I saw, I conquered”) after his swift victory.
August 9
Julius Caesar defeats Pompey decisively at the Battle of Pharsalos.
September 29
Pompey arrives in Alexandria and is killed.
October 2
Julius Caesar arrives in Alexandria and supports Kleopatra VII over her brother, Ptolemy XIII.
Pharnakes II retreats north and takes Pantikapaion and Theodosia.
Julius Caesar visits Aigai during his campaign in the east. He also visits Antioch and declares its freedom.
Julius Caesar founds a colony in Aesernia to house veterans of his conflict with Pompey.
Julius Caesar lays siege to Alexandria.
December
Julius Caesar and Kleopatra are besieged in Alexandria by Ptolemy XIII and Arsinoe IV.
Julius Caesar founds a colony names Colonia Julia Felix at Sinope.
Cassius Longinus schemes to kill Julius Caesar at Tarsos.
March
The forces of Julius Caesar are relieved in the Siege of Alexandria.
Julius Caesar refounds Carthage as Colonia Julia Carthago, establishing it as a Roman colony and initiating new construction.
Julius Caesar refounds Corinth as a Roman colony, Colonia Laus Iulia Corinthiensis. Dyme is also refounded as a colony.
The inhabitants of Akragas and Syracuse receive full Roman citizenship after the death of Julius Caesar.
A Roman colony is started at Potidaia.
Marc Antony seizes 200,000 scrolls from the Library at Pergamon and gifts them to Kleopatra for the Library at Alexandria.
Cassius plunders the temples of Laodikeia ad Lykon.
Brutus and Cassius march through Maroneia, Lysimachia, and Kardia to the Gulf of Melas.
Peparethos is gifted by Marc Antony to Athens.
Telos is conquered by the Romans.
October 23
Naxos comes under Roman rule, who use it as a place of exile.
Marc Antony declares Thessalonika a free city.
An army under the Pompeian general Quintus Labienus and Partians briefly occupy Apameia on the Axios.
Quintus Labienus and his Parthian troops besiege Stratonikeia.
Labienus takes Mylasa during the Roman Civil War, causing great damage.
Sextus Pompey attacks Thourion but fails.
Quintus Labienus takes Alabanda with a Parthian force. His men are then slaughtered by the inhabitants, but the Parthians then loot the city.
Sagalassos given to the Galatian king Amyntas.
Marc Antony comes to Arados in search of money and is vigorously opposed.
Marc Antony installs the tyrant Strato in Amisos.
Knossos becomes a Roman colony named Colonia Iulia Nobilis.
September 3
Ephesos serves as a naval base for Marc Antony and Kleopatra.
October
The Dacian king Burebista takes Istros.
Octavian (later Augustus) enters Alexandria and annexes Egypt into the Roman Empire. Cleopatra VII commits suicide, ending the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
Straton’s Tower is given to Herod I, who renamed it to Caesarea Maritima in honor of Augustus.
Augustus makes Dyrrhachion a colony for veterans of the Battle of Actium.
Crassus undertakes a military campaign against the Bastarni and annexes Istros.
The population of Stratos is moved to Nicopolis.
Thebes is included in the new province of Achaia.
The Pontic Kingdom is officially annexed to the Roman Empire. Amaseia is no longer the capital because it is reorganized into the province of Galatia.
On the death of Amyntas, king of Galatia, Rome turns Pisidia – including Sagalassos, Side, and Kremna – into a separate province of Galatia.
The Romans build the Via Sebaste linking Perge with Pisidia.
Herod I begins construction of the harbor at Caesarea Maritima.
An earthquake causes damage in Kourion.
Komama is founded.
The sanctuary to Asklepios in Epidauros‘ infrastructure is upgraded with new Roman baths and improved facilities for visitors.
Judea, including Edom, becomes a Roman province. Caesarea Maritima replaces Jerusalem as the capital.
Odessos is annexed to the province of Moesia.
The temple at Pessinos is constructed.
King Archelaos dies, and his kingdom, including Elaiussa Sebaste, is annexed by the Roman Empire under Emperor Tiberius. This ends the Cappadocian kingdom.
Magnesia ad Sipylum is heavily damaged by an earthquake.
Germanicus dies in Antioch.
Caesareia Maritima undergoes civil disobedience in reaction to Pontius Pilate’s order to place eagle standards on the Temple Mount.
36 CE
Queen Helena and her son Monobaz of Adiabene convert to Judaism.
Emperor Caligula visits Greece and shows interest in the Greek sanctuaries, including that of Asklepios at Epidauros.
An earthquake destroys much of Antioch. The city is rebuilt by Caligula.
Violence between Jews and Greeks in Alexandria over the visit of King Agrippa I results in numerous synagogues being desecrated.
Construction of the Temple of Zeus Lepsinos begins in Euromos.
Patara is annxed by the Roman Empire and made part of Pamphylia.
48 CE
Queen Helena and King Izates of Adiabene send aid to Jerusalem, as noted by the Talmud and Josephus Flavius.
Thrace is annexed by the Roman Empire, bringing Agathopolis, Aigiospotamoi, Kabyle, Deultum, and Perinthos under its rule.
St. Paul journeys to Perge.
Per Acts 27:2, Adramytteion is the location where the Apostle Paul is transported as a prisoner.
Approximate year of the death of Philo,a reknowned Jewish Philosopher, in Alexandria.
The Apostle Paul visits Corinth and stays for 18 months during his second missionary journey, preaching and establishing a Christian community. He later writes at least two letters (First and Second Corinthians) to the community, which become part of the New Testament.
59 CE
Izates bar Monobaz dies, and his brother Monobaz II becomes the king of Adiabene.
Assos is visited by the Apostle Paul.
St. Paul visits Kos.
Laodikeia ad Lykon is destroyed by an earthquake. Nero provides funds for the rebuild.
Pharnakeia reverts to its original name, Kerasos.
Citizens of Apameia on the Axios spare the Jews living among them despite orders for their execution.
Gaza is burned by Jews during the rebellion against Rome.
Sidon shelters many Jews during the revolts and saves them from being killed.
The Jewish Revolt breaks out, supposedly due to merchants in Caesarea Maritima sacrificing birds in front of a local synagogue.
July
Vespasian is the first emperor since Augustus to visit Egypt. He stays in Alexandria.
Samothrace is absorbed into the Roman Empire by Vespasian.
The Jewish Revolt is suppressed and games are held at Caesarea Maritima to celebrate Titus‘ victory.
August 30
December
Titus celebrates victory games at Caesarea Maritima.
Kition suffers a strong earthquake.
Pliny the Elder mentions that Histaia no longer exists.
A stone bridge is built by L. Octavius Memor at Seleukeia ad Kalykadnon.
The people of Deultum petition the powerful senator Titus Avidius Quietus to become a patron the city.
New baths are constructed in Olympia.
Nicopolis ad Istrum is founded by Trajan.
Adramytteion severely damaged during an earthquake. Trajan provides funds to rebuild it.
While being visited by the Emperor Trajan, Antioch is severely damaged in an earthquake. The same earthquake heavily damages Apameia on the Axios.
The Diaspora Revolt results in major damage to Alexandria and the near annihilation of its Jewish community. Trajan uses the occasion to rebuild the city.
A massive Jewish revolt breaks out in Kyrene. Nearly all of the city’s buildings are destroyed.
Hadrian visits Samothrace.
The Emperor Hadrian founds Hadrianotherea to commemorate a successful hunt.
October
Hadrian is initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries.
March
The harbor of Soloi is renovated by Antoninus Pius.
Deultum begins to suffer from barbarian attacks.
Arrian, a Roman governor, visits the Pontic region, including Amaseia, and documents information about Pontus in his work, “Periplus of the Euxine Sea.”
A major earthquake destroys Rhodes. Funds for is rebuilding are given by Antoninus Pius.
Kamiros destroyed for the second time by an earthquake.
The Nympheum is added in Olympia.
An earthquake destroys Kyzikos, including the newly built Temple to Hadrian. Funds for its rebuilding are allocated by Antoninus Pius.
Chios suffers a destructive earthquake but is rebuilt with aid from the Roman Empire.
An aqueduct is constructed for Olympia.
Lucius Verus stays in Antioch, overseeing the Parthian campaign while indulging in luxury, reportedly earning a reputation for extravagance.
Lucilla and Lucius Verus are married in Ephesos.
Birth of Aurelia Lucilla to Lucilla and Lucius Verus in Antioch.
Corinth suffers a major earthquake that causes extensive damage to the city.
Seleukeia on the Tigris is destroyed by Romans.
The sanctuary at Eleusis is damaged during a raid by the Costoboci, but it is quickly restored with Roman funds.
Nicopolis ad Istrum is sacked by the Costoboci.
Emperor Marcus Aurelius visits Alexandria and addresses the city’s citizens during his reign.
September
Marcus Aurelius and Commodus are initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries.
Smyrna is heavily damaged by an earthquake and rebuilt by Marcus Aurelius.
Emperor Septimius Severus, a native of North Africa, grants Carthage additional privileges, marking it as a prominent city within the Roman Empire.
Byzantion sides with Pescennius Niger over Septimius Severus, Roman forces besiege the city and cause considerable damage.
Septimius Severus sails to Aigai in preparation for a Parthian campaign.
Septimius Severus and Caracalla thank Nicopolis ad Istrum for celebrating a festival and sending money.
A severe earthquake damages Samothrace.
Caracalla has an unpleasant experience in Nicopolis ad Istrum and strips its title of Ulpia.
Caracalla visits Alexandria and feels insulted by the locals, so he orders all men of arms-bearing age to be executed.
Susa is taken by the Parthians.
Emperor Caracalla holds funeral games at the Tomb of Achilles at Achilleion on his way to Parthia.
Julia Domna commits suicide in Antioch after the death of her son Caracalla.
June 8
Legions supporting Elagabalus defeat Macrinus and Diadumenian at the Battle of Antioch.
The Sasanian Empire, led by Ardashir I, defeats the Parthian Empire. Adiabene becomes part of the Sasanian Empire, losing its autonomy as a client state.
Susa is destroyed by the Sassanid Ardashir I.
Severus Alexander begins a campaign against the Sassanids from Antioch.
Approximate end of the Nemean Games (held in the territory of Kleonai) during the Roman Empire era as interest in Greek athletic competitions waned.
Istros is razed to the ground by the Goths.
June
Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus defeat a Gothic army at the Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum.
Antioch is attacked by Shapur I. Roughly 100,000 inhabitants are slaughtered, many of them at the theater.
Amastris is affected by Gothic raids during a period of instability in the Roman Empire.
Valerian I recovers Antioch and returns Syria to Roman control.
Much of Kyrene is destroyed by an earthquake.
Olympia is sacked by invading tribes.
Aegina is damaged in raids by Goths.
Queen Zenobia of Palmyra briefly controls Egypt, including Alexandria, during her revolt against Rome, but Emperor Aurelian recaptures the city later that year.
April
Diocletian travels through Deultum on his way to Nicomedia.
The walls of Istros are destroyed again by the Goths.
Pompey’s Pillar erected in Alexandria to honor Diocletian.
Diocletian creates a new province named Hispania Carthaginensis and sets Carthago Nova as its capital.
Arch of Galerius constructed in Thessalonika to commemorate the victory over Narseh.
Isaura becomes an independent state with Seleukeia ad Kalykadnon as its capital.
October
Diocletian orders the tongue of the deacon Romanus of Caesarea removed for interrupting sacrifices.
Constantine I funds major changes to the agora at Nicopolis ad Istrum.
April
Maximinus Daza takes Constantinople from Licinius.
April
Maximinus Daza takes Herakleia from Licinius after a short siege.
July
Maximinus Daza dies in Tarsos, possibly due to Graves’ disease.
The Arian controversy begins, with the priest Arius in Alexandria challenging orthodox Christian teachings about the nature of Christ. This theological debate has widespread implications for Christianity across the Roman Empire.
The fleet of Constantine I takes moorage at Elaios against Licinius.
Constantine I refounds Byzantion as an imperial residence named Nova Roma.
Council of Nicaea is convened by Constantine to address the Arian controversy. Athanasius, a key figure from Alexandria, emerges as a defender of orthodox Christianity against Arianism.
Licinius is accused of a plot to kill Constantine the Great, is caught at Thessalonika, and is executed.
May 11
The city of Nova Roma, formerly known as Byzantion, is renamed to Constantinople by Constantine the Great.
December 25
Constans elevated to Caesar at Constantinople by Constantine I
Athanasius becomes Bishop of Alexandria, playing a central role in the Arian controversy and in shaping early Christian doctrine.
Constans and Constantius II hold the Council of Serdica to settle a dispute over the bishop Athanasius of Alexandria. There is no agreement.
Constantius II and Constans nearly start a civil war, until Constantius allows Athanasius to return to his position in Alexandria.
March 15
Constantius II raises Constantius Gallus to Caesar and marries him to his sister Constantina. Constantius Gallus takes up residence in Antioch.
Constantius Gallus raises a siege of Seleukia ad Kalykadnon by troops loyal to Shapur.
Julian II is inducted into the Eleusinian Mysteries.
Athanasius is exiled from Alexandria by Emperor Constantius II due to his opposition to Arianism.
Emperor Julian, known as “Julian the Apostate” for his attempts to restore paganism, is initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries and actively promotes them, opposing the spread of Christianity.
December 11
Julian II enters Constantinople as the sole Emperor.
October
July 21
An earthquake destroys Aptera, Gortyna, Eleutherna, and Knossos on Crete. Alexandria is devastated by a tsunami, and Kyrene is also affected by the same tsunami. Kydonia is also damaged. In the Peloponnese, Messene is affected.
Athanasius dies in Alexandria, leaving a lasting legacy as a defender of Nicene Christianity against Arianism.
July
A Roman army is defeated by the Goths at the Battle of Deultum.
November
Theodosius moves his court to Constantinople.
January
An uprising occurs in Antioch against Theodosius.
April
The Massacre of Thessalonika occurs when Roman soldiers massacre civilians. It is believed to have been ordered by Theodosius.
Theophilus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, orders the destruction of pagan temples in Alexandria, including the Serapeum, as part of the rising Christian influence and suppression of paganism following Emperor Theodosius I’s edicts against pagan worship.
The last Olympic Games are held at Olympia.
Theodosius leaves Constantinople to fight the Arbogastes and Eugenius and leaves Arcadius nominally in charge.
Alaric I destroys Eleusis.
Aelia Eudoxia and John Chrysostom’s dispute reaches its peak. John Chrysostom is deposed and exiled by Arcadius, largely due to Eudoxia’s influence. She erects a silver statue of herself in the Forum of Constantinople, which John condemned in his sermons.
The Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I issues edicts prohibiting pagan rituals and closes many pagan temples, including the sanctuary at Eleusis.
Theodosius I orders the temples of Olympia destroyed.
The Eleusinian Mysteries are definitively ended as a religious practice following further imperial decrees.
Carthago Nova is sacked by the Vandals.
Nicopolis ad Istrum is destroyed by the Huns under Attila.
A significant earthquake causes much damage in Antioch.
An earthquake devastates Sagalassos.
An earthquake severely damages Olympia.
Soloi is destroyed by an earthquake and abandoned.
One of the worst earthquakes in history kills roughly 250,000 people in Antioch.
Before Antioch can fully recover from a devastating earthquake two years earlier, another hits.
The Sassanian Persian King Khosrow I captures and sacks Antioch. The city is extensively plundered and many of its inhabitants are deported.
Yet another earthquake causes major damage in Antioch.
August 22
The author and his wife visit Jerusalem.
September 6
The author and his wife stop at Caesarea Maritima.
April 5
The author of this page arrives in Antalya, formerly called Attaleia.
April 7
The author of this page visits the ruins of Termessos, where he is alone.
July 2
The author and his wife visit Khojand, formerly called Alexandria Eschate, where his wife was born and grew up.
August 22
The author of this page visits Metapontion by telling his traveling companions that the site is on the way, even though it is not.
March 31
The author of this page visits Athens for the first time.
April 2
The author of this page arrives at Corinth and photographs it.
April 3
The author of this page tours Corinth and Acrocorinth, then heads to Delphi.
April 4
The author of this page tours Olympia, runs the ancient track, and photographs a rainbow behind the Temple of Zeus.
April 4
The author of this page and his wife visit the ruins of Delos.
April 5
The author of this page tours the ruins at Messene and greatly enjoys them.
April 6
The author of this page wakes up early and tours Epidauros before the busses arrive.
April 6
The author of this page visits Tiryns.
April 7
The author of this page visits Eleusis and follows the sacred path.
April 7
The author of this page returns to Athens to pick up his wife.
April 17
The author of this page can’t find the ruins of Same, but is aided by his wife. There, they are guided by a nice man who lives in the area.
April 18
The author of this page and his wife return to Athens and enjoy one last sunset before leaving Greece.
April 18
The author of this page and his wife get lost while trying to find the ruins of Kranion, and are forced to give up the endeavour.
August 25
The author of this page visits Istanbul and sees some ruins from Byzantion, but does not photograph them because the shot isn’t great.