Ancient Coin Stories

Maximian makes plans to attack Carausius in Britain, but for unknown reasons those plans fail.

Aurelian marries Ulpia Severina.

Birth of Julius Caesar.

Gaius Julius Caesar, the father of Julius Caesar, serves as proconsular governor of Asia.

Death of Julius Caesar‘s father.

Marriage of Julius Caesar to Cornelia.

Sulla orders Julius Caesar to divorce Cornelia, but he refuses. Julius Caesar goes into hiding.

Lucullus undertakes the Siege of Mytilene. Julius Caesar serves with him.

Julius Caesar serves in the staff of the governor of Asia, Marcus Minucius Thermus.

Julius Caesar spends time in Bithynia and is a guest of Nikomedes IV.

Upon learning of the death of Sulla, Julius Caesar returns to Rome.

Birth of Julia to Cornelia and Julius Caesar.

Julius Caesar travels to Rhodes to study with Apollonius Molon.

While on his way back from Rhodes, Julius Caesar is intercepted and ransomed by pirates.

Julius Caesar enlists in the effort to pull troops from the provinces for the Third Mithridatic War.

Julius Caesar is inducted into the most prestigious order of priests.

Julius Caesar serves as a military tribune but is not believed to have seen battle.

Julius Caesar serves as quaestor.

Death of Cornelia, wife of Julius Caesar, possibly from childbirth.

Julius Caesar, during his campaigns in Greece, visits the sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidauros.

Julius Caesar marries Pompeia, granddaughter of Sulla.

Julius Caesar is elected in charge of the maintenance of public buildings and public festivals.

Julius Caesar is elected Pontifex Maximus, the head of the state religion.

Julius Caesar is elected praetor.

Gaius Octavius Thurinus (later Augustus) is born in Rome. He is the son of Gaius Octavius, a senator and governor, and Atia, the niece of Julius Caesar.

After a man slips into a female-only party held by Pompeia, Julius Caesar divorces her, under the pretense that his wife must be above suspicion.

Julius Caesar is appointed governor of Hispania Ulterior.

Julius Caesar, in desperate need of money, campaigns against the Callaeci and Lusitani, seizes northwestern Spain, and obtains enough plunder.

After his conquests in Spain, Julius Caesar returns to Rome and is forced to choose between a triumph and a consulship. He chooses a consulship.

Julius Caesar serves in his first consulship, with Crassus.

Death of Augustus‘ father.

Birth of Livia Drusilla.

Julius Caesar marries his daughter Julia to Pompey to seal the First Triumvirate.

Beginning of Julius Caesar‘s campaigns in Gaul.

Gaius Octavius’s father dies. His mother, Atia, marries Lucius Marcius Philippus, a former consul.

Julius Caesar defeats the Helvetti at the Battle of Bibracte.

Julius Caesar defeats the Nervii at the Battle of the Sabis.

Lucius Marcius Philippus, the stepfather of Augustus, is made a consul.

Julius Caesar oversees the construction of a bridge across the Rhein.

Julius Caesar undergoes an expedition into Britain.

Pompey and Crassus are elected consuls and extend Julius Caesar‘s command in Gaul.

Julius Caesar leaves Britain the face the Eburones and Belgae, who had destroyed a Roman legion. He lures them into battle and defeats them.

Death of Julia, daughter of Julius Caesar and wife to Pompey, from a miscarriage.

Julius Caesar writes his Commentaries on the Gallic War.

Crassus is killed by the Parthians at the Battle of Carrhae, crashing the alliance between him and Pompey and Julius Caesar.

Julius Caesar is defeated the Battle of Gergovia by Vercingetorix of the Averni.

Julius Caesar forces the surrender of Vercingetorix of the Averni at Alesia.

Death of Augustus‘ grandmother, Julia, who raised him. She was the sister of Julius Caesar.

Julius Caesar completes the subjugation of Gaul.

Apameia on the Axios remains under siege by Julius Caesar until Cassius’ arrival.

Deiotaros of Galatia allies with Pompey over Julius Caesar.

Cicero promotes to disarm Pompey and Julius Caesar in order to avoid war. The motion receives much support, but does not pass because the meeting is dissolved by a consul.

The Roman Senate votes Julius Caesar an enemy.

Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon.

Julius Caesar defeats two of Pompey’s legates at the Battle of Ilerda.

Julius Caesar visits the region following his victory over Pharnaces II (son of Mithridates VI) at the Battle of Zela (near modern-day Zile, close to Amaseia). He reportedly utters the famous phrase “Veni, vidi, vici” (“I came, I saw, I conquered”) after his swift victory.

Amisos falls to Pharnakes II after a long resistance. Julius Caesar recognizes this and declares the city’s freedom.

Pompey forces Julius Caesar to retreat at the Battle of Dyrrhachion.

Julius Caesar, having been repulsed at Dyrrhachion, arrives at Gomphoi but they bar their gates. He takes the city by force.

Julius Caesar bestows benefactions on Ilion.

Julius Caesar defeats Pompey decisively at the Battle of Pharsalos.

Julius Caesar arrives in Alexandria and supports Kleopatra VII over her brother, Ptolemy XIII.

Julius Caesar starts an affair with Kleopatra.

Julius Caesar founds a colony in Aesernia to house veterans of his conflict with Pompey.

Julius Caesar visits Aigai during his campaign in the east. He also visits Antioch and declares its freedom.

Julius Caesar lays siege to Alexandria.

Julius Caesar and Kleopatra are besieged in Alexandria by Ptolemy XIII and Arsinoe IV.

Julius Caesar quickly defeats Pharnakes II of the Kingdom of Pontus at Zela, leading to the famous phrase “veni, vidi, vici.”

Julius Caesar pardons Deiotaros for siding with Pompey.

Julius Caesar founds a colony names Colonia Julia Felix at Sinope.

Cassius Longinus schemes to kill Julius Caesar at Tarsos.

The forces of Julius Caesar are relieved in the Siege of Alexandria.

Julius Caesar defeats Ptolemy XIII at the Battle of the Nile.

Birth of son Caesarion to Kleopatra and Julius Caesar.

Julius Caesar refounds Carthage as Colonia Julia Carthago, establishing it as a Roman colony and initiating new construction.

Julius Caesar defeats Juba of Numidia.

Julius Caesar publishes his book on the civil war.

Julius Caesar defeated by Titus Labienus at Ruspina in Africa.

After initially being surrounded, Julius Caesar wins the Battle of Thapsus.

Julius Caesar returns to Italy from Africa.

Julius Caesar celebrates four triumphs in Rome.

Octavius joins Julius Caesar in Hispania (Spain) during Caesar’s campaign against the sons of Pompey.

Deiotaros accused by his grandson of trying to kill Julius Caesar while he was staying in Galatia. Cicero defends him.

Julius Caesar narrowly defeats Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius at the Battle of Munda.

The inhabitants of Akragas and Syracuse receive full Roman citizenship after the death of Julius Caesar.

Julius Caesar refounds Corinth as a Roman colony, Colonia Laus Iulia Corinthiensis. Dyme is also refounded as a colony.

Julius Caesar is declared dictator for life.

Julius Caesar is assassinated. In his will, Caesar adopts Octavius as his son and heir, naming him Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian).

Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus form the Second Triumvirate, a political alliance aimed at avenging Caesar’s assassination.

Livia marries Tiberius Claudius Nero.

Octavian and Mark Antony defeat Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi in Greece, effectively ending the resistance of Caesar’s assassins.

Tiberius born to Livia and Tiberius Claudius Nero.

Octavian marries Scribonia, who gives birth to his only biological child, Julia the Elder.

Livia and her husband flee from Octavius and join Sextus Pompey in Sicily.

Octavian divorces Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, despite her being pregnant with her previous husband’s child.

Octavian defeats Sextus Pompey, the son of Pompey the Great, in the naval Battle of Naulochos, solidifying his control over Rome’s grain supply.

Augustus donates a public statue to Livia. Ovid later mentions this as a great place to pick up women.

The Second Triumvirate ends. Octavian begins a propaganda campaign against Mark Antony, accusing him of betraying Rome by allying with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt.

Augustus removes Strato, tyrant of Amisos.

Augustus gives Kydonia its freedom due to their assistance.

Malichos I has a bitter rivalry with Kleopatra VII, resulting in his failing to show up for the Battle of Actium, a victory for Octavian.

Octavian‘s forces defeat Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.

After the Battle of Actium (near Ambrakia), Augustus consolidates his control over the Roman Empire, and Cilicia is firmly incorporated as part of the Roman sphere of influence. Aigai, Tarsos, Mallos, and Soloi become part of the Roman Province of Cilicia.

Octavian (later Augustus) enters Alexandria and annexes Egypt into the Roman Empire. Cleopatra VII commits suicide, ending the Ptolemaic Dynasty.

Straton’s Tower is given to Herod I, who renamed it to Caesarea Maritima in honor of Augustus.

Augustus makes Dyrrhachion a colony for veterans of the Battle of Actium.

Gaza is given to Herod I by Augustus.

Octavian removes Philopator I, the son of Tarkondimotos, from the throne of Cilicia.

Octavian resettles Potidaia and renames it Colonia Iulia Augusta Cassandrensis.

Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide. Octavian conquers Egypt, making it a Roman province.

Augustus completes the rebuilding of Carthage, which becomes the center of Africa Proconsularis, a key province of the Roman Empire.

Corinth becomes the capital of the Roman province of Achaia under Augustus.

Augustus makes Ephesos the capital of Asia over the previous Pergamon.

Philippi is renamed to Colonia Iulia Philippensis by Augustus.

Octavian is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. He becomes the first Roman Emperor.

Tralleis is severely damaged by an earthquake. Augustus provides funds for the reconstruction, so Tralleis renames itself to Caesarea.

Augustus falls seriously ill and nearly dies. He arranges for his political succession by granting more power to his trusted lieutenant, Agrippa.

Death of Marcellus, nephew to Augustus. Livia is suspected of poisoning him.

Elaiussa is founded by King Archelaos of Cappadocia. Archelaus names it “Sebaste” (the Greek form of “Augustus”) in honor of the Roman Emperor Augustus.

Augustus visits Ilion.

Artaxias II is removed as king of Armenia by Augustus, upon receiving a letter from his unhappy subjects. Tigranes III is installed as king.

The kingdom of Cilicia is restored by Augustus to Tarkondimotos II.

Augustus settles veterans of his conflict with Marc Antony and Kleopatra in Aesernia.

Birth of Germanicus to Antonia the Younger and Nero Claudius Drusus.

Birth of Drusus Julius Caesar to Tiberius and Agrippina.

Ara Pacis Augustae constructed in Rome to honor the return of Augustus.

The Olympic Games at Olympia are subsidized by Herod I of Judea on a request from Augustus.

Claudius born to Drusus and Antonia Minor.

Drusus, the father of Claudius and Germanicus, dies in Germania after falling off a horse.

Roman Italy established by Augustus with the name ‘Italia’.

Augustus is given the title Pater Patriae (Father of the Country) by the Senate.

Death of Lucius, grandson to Augustus and an heir to the Roman Empire with his brother Gaius.

Death of Gaius, grandson to Augustus the sole remaining heir to the Roman Empire.

Drusus married to his cousin Livilla.

After the death of Gaius Caesar, Augustus considers making Germanicus his heir. Livia persuades him to choose Tiberius, and Augustus does so on condition that Tiberius adopt Germanicus.

Livy hired to tutor Claudius in history.

Germanicus becomes a quaestor.

Germanicus helps Tiberius suppress a rebellion by the Pannonians and Dalmatians.

The Arch of Pavia is erected to honor the Imperial family. While Germanicus is present, Claudius is on the edge and may have been inscribed by himself later.

Tiberius and Germanicus achieve victories over the Breuci.

Claudius is engaged to Furia Livia Medullina Camilla, but she dies on their wedding day.

Claudius marries Plautia Urgulanilla, the granddaughter of his grandmother Livia‘s close friend Urgulania.

Tiberius and Germanicus push into Dalmatia and achieve victories.

Germanicus returns to Rome and is honored with a triumphal insignia and the rank of praetor.

Three Roman legions are destroyed under Varus in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, causing Augustus severe angst.

Vespasian is born in Italy.

Drusus serves in the office of quaestor.

Germanicus and Tiberius dispatched to protect the Empire against the Germans.

Tiberius and Germanicus, with help from the Marcomanni, prevent the Germans from crossing the Rhein.

Tiberius holds a triumph for the victory over the Pannonians and Dalmatians. Germanicus also features heavily in the festivities.

Augustus appoints Germanicus as commander of forces in the Rhein.

Byblos, Arados, Sidon, and Tyre are formally incorporated into the Roman Empire upon Augustus’ consolidation of the region, gaining status as a Romanized city.

Augustus adopts his stepson, Tiberius, as his heir, ensuring a smooth transition of power.

Claudius appeals to his uncle Tiberius for public office, but is rebuffed.

Germanicus massacres villages of the Marsi and achieves significant victories over the Germanic tribes.

Augustus dies in Nola, Italy, at the age of 75. He is succeeded by Tiberius.

Drusus sent to deal with rebelling legions on the Rhein who had not received promised bonuses from his father Tiberius.

Drusus reaches the Pannonian legions, arranges a peace with them, and executes their leaders.

Drusus holds the consulship.

The Senate votes a triumph for Germanicus.

Germanicus crosses the Rhein, defeats the Chatti, and sacks their capital Mattium.

Germanicus attacks and defeates the Bructeri and recovers one of the lost eagle standards from the Battle of the Teutoberg Forest.

Birth of Vitellius in Italy.

Germanicus inflicts a heavy defeat on Arminius and the Germanic tribes at the Battle of the Weser River.

Drusus is appointed governor of Illyricum.

Germanicus is given a triumph in exchange for his return to Rome.

Germanicus granted the eastern part of the empire.

Drusus attacks the Marcomanni and storms their stronghold.

Germanicus dies in Antioch.

Germanicus arrives in Egypt to greate acclamation.

Germanicus dies from illness or poison and Drusus becomes the new heir.

Birth of twin sons Tiberius Gemellus and Germanicus Gemellus to Drusus and Livilla.

Tiberius mentions the Praetorian prefect Sejanus to the Senate in equal terms to Drusus, which alarms the latter.

The Senate votes Drusus an ovation for his success in Illyricum and with the Marcomanni.

Drusus holds the consulship with his father Tiberius.

Drusus receives the very high honor of tribunicia potestas.

The Praetorian prefect Sejanus engages in an affair with Livillia, the wife of Drusus.

At the urging of Sejanus, Livillia poisons her husband Drusus and kills him.

Claudius divorces Urgulanilla on suspicion of adultery and murder of her sister-in-law. She gives birth after the divorce but Claudius repudiates the baby.

Claudius marries Aelia Paetina, perhaps the daughter of Sejanus.

Death of Livia.

Vespasian obtains a minor magistracy post in Rome as head of street cleaning. Caligula, most displeased at his efforts, stuffs muck down his toga.

Nerva is born in Narni.

Claudius divorces Aelia Paetina after Sejanus is executed.

Death of Tiberius. Caligula becomes emperor. Claudius is elevated to the position of consul, serving as a nominal co-ruler in some ceremonies.

Vespasian succeeds at becoming a tribune.

Approximate year of marriage of Vespasian to Domitilla.

Claudius marries Valeria Messalina

Birth of Nero to Agrippina the Younger.

Vespasian is promoted to praetor.

Agripinna, the mother of Nero, is implicated in a failed plot to kill Caligula. Her property is taken and she is exiled to a remote island. Nero goes to live with his paternal aunt.

Birth of Titus to Domitilla and Vespasian.

Vespasian is appointed legate of the Legio II in Germania by Claudius.

Death of Domitius, father of Nero.

Caligula is assassinated in a conspiracy. Claudius attempts to hide but is found and taken to a Praetorian camp where he is soon hailed as Emperor.

Birth of son Britannicus to Claudius and Valeria Messalina.

Vespasian distinguishes himself in the Roman invasion of Britain.

Claudius launches the Roman invasion of Britain. The campaign, led by Aulus Plautius, results in the capture of Camulodunum (modern Colchester). Claudius himself visits Britain briefly to oversee the victory, becoming the first Roman emperor to set foot on the island.

Birth of daughter Domitilla the Younger to Domitilla and Vespasian.

Amastris is included in the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus during the reign of Emperor Claudius.

Claudius celebrates a triumph in Rome for the conquest of Britain. The conquest is widely celebrated, and he is given the honorific title Britannicus, which he later bestows on his son.

Claudius obtains the office of censor and strikes out many names in the Senate who don’t qualify.

Claudius’s wife, Empress Messalina, is discovered plotting against him with her lover, Gaius Silius. She is executed for her involvement in the conspiracy.

Claudius‘s wife Messalina marries her lover Gaius Silius in a public ceremony. Claudius executes her.

Vitellius serves as consul.

Claudius marries his niece, Agrippina the Younger, in a controversial union. Agrippina’s influence grows quickly at court, and she promotes her son, Nero, over Claudius’s own son, Britannicus.

Claudius adopts Agrippina’s son, Nero, as his heir, effectively sidelining his biological son, Britannicus.

Vespasian serves as consul.

Domitian born to Flavia Domitilla Major and Vespasian.

Claudius finishes the Aqua Claudia and Aqua Anio Novus aqueducts in Rome.

Claudius grants Kos immunitas, possibly due to the influence of his physician, who is from the island.

Marriage of Nero to Claudia Octavia.

Birth of Trajan in Spain.

Seneca begins advising Nero.

Claudius dies, possibly poisoned by his wife, Agrippina, using a dish of mushrooms. His death is widely believed to have been orchestrated by Agrippina to ensure her son Nero’s succession.

Death of Britannicus, with Nero strongly suspected of poison.

Titus serves as a military tribune in Germania.

Domitius Corbulo, fighting on behalf of Nero, takes the Armenian capital of Artaxata.

A revolt occurs in Britain. Nero considers abandoning the province, then decides to appoint a more lenient governor.

Nero murders his mother Agrippina.

Vitellius serves as governor of Africa.

Nero commissions a successful exploration of the Nile.

Nero begins construction of his first palace, the Domus Transitoria.

Laodikeia ad Lykon is destroyed by an earthquake. Nero provides funds for the rebuild.

Marriage of Titus to Arrecina Tertulla.

Nero divorces Claudia Octavia on claims of infidelity.

The Aqua Neronis is constructed by Nero as an extension of the Aqua Claudia.

Nero executes several rivals on claims of treason.

Seneca attempts to retire on seeing his influence wane, but is prevented by Nero.

Claudia Octavia exiled by Nero to Pandateria.

Marriage of Nero to Poppaea.

Claudia Octavia executed in exile on orders of Nero.

Birth of Julia Flavia to Arrecina Tertulla and Titus.

Arrecina Tertulla either dies or Titus divorces her. He then marries Marcia Furnilla,

Vespasian comes out of retirement to serve as a governor in Africa.

Birth of Claudia Augusta to Poppaea and Nero.

Death of Claudia Augusta, the daughter of Nero.

Great fire of Rome, during which Nero is supposed to have played the fiddle.

Nero accuses Christians of starting the Great Fire, and summarily executes and burns many alive.

Nerva is elected praetor.

Nerva is instrumental in informing Nero of the Pisonian conspiracy.

Nero begins construction of the Domus Aurea.

Death of Poppaea, wife of Nero. He allegedly kicks her severely while she is pregnant and kills her.

Seneca is caught up in a conspiracy to kill Nero. Although it’s unlikely he took part, Seneca is forced by Nero to commit suicide.

The Olympic Games at Olympia are postponed for two years under orders of Nero.

Death of Domitilla the Younger, daughter of Vespasian, due to illness or childbirth.

Colossus of Nero is constructed in Rome.

Marriage of Nero to Statilia Messalina. Her husband is forced to commit suicide so the wedding may occur.

Titus passes through Gaza and his way to and from Jerusalem to quell the rebellion. The city is used to sell the resulting slaves.

Nero dispatches Vespasian to quell the Jewish Revolt.

Vespasian accompanies Nero to Greece, but loses political favor when he falls asleep during Nero’s performance on the lyre.

The Emperor Nero travels to Greece and visits Athens, Olympia, Delphi, Epidauros, and Thebes.

Emperor Nero visits Corinth and begins construction on a canal across the Isthmus of Corinth, intending to connect the Aegean and Ionian Seas. The project is abandoned after Nero’s death in 68 CE.

Nero has the young boy Sporus castrated and then marries him.

Vespasian begins an assault on the Jewish Revolt.

Gaius Julius Vindex revolts against Nero in Gaul. Lucius Verginius Rufus is ordered to put down the rebellion.

Vindex is defeated at the Battle of Vesontio. Soldiers of Verginius urge him to take the throne from Nero, but he refuses.

Nero commits suicide.

A roman legion under Vespasian destroys Jericho.

Domitian narrowly escapes during the civil war after Vitellius‘ troops invade Rome.

Troops loyal to Vespasian defeat the army of Vitellius at Bedriacum.

The troops of Vitellius declare him Emperor at Cologne.

The Senate confirms Vitellius as Emperor.

Vespasian has control over all of Judea except Jerusalem.

Vespasian is the first emperor since Augustus to visit Egypt. He stays in Alexandria.

Soldiers in Judea proclaim Vespasian Emperor.

Vespasian departs Judea for Rome and leaves his son Titus in charge.

Vitellius bans astrologers from Rome and Italy.

Troops of Vitellius are defeated by those of Vespasian at the Second Battle of Bedriacum.

The Jewish Revolt is suppressed and games are held at Caesarea Maritima to celebrate Titus‘ victory.

Roman emperor Vespasian honors Byblos for its loyalty during the Jewish Revolt, providing certain privileges to the city.

Vespasian initiates the fiscus Iudaicus, a tax all Jews in the Roman Empire had to pay.

Samothrace is absorbed into the Roman Empire by Vespasian.

Vitellius is beheaded by supporters of Vespasian in a bloody battle for Rome in which an estimated 50,000 people die.

Domitian is declared Caesar by his father Vespasian.

Vespasian is declared Emperor by the Senate.

The Batavian Rebellion erupts in Gaul against Vespasian.

The Roman army under Titus begins the Siege of Jerusalem.

The Roman army under Titus overwhelms the defenders of Jerusalem and sets fire to the Temple.

The Batavians agree to a peace deal with Rome and Vespasian, aware that the full force of Rome would be upon them with the end of the Jewish War.

Domitian marries Domitia Longina, the daughter of a respected general and politician.

Titus celebrates victory games at Caesarea Maritima.

Titus arrives in Rome and celebrates a triumph.

Nerva serves as consul under Vespasian.

Construction on the Colosseum begins under Vespasian.

Domitian serves as consul under Vespasian.

Berenice, the sister of the Judean king Agrippa II, moves in with Titus as his promised wife. He sends her away after an uproar.

An earthquake causes severe damage in Kourion and is restored by Vespasian.

The father of Trajan serves as governor of Syria.

Birth of Hadrian.

Pliny the Elder finishes his Natural Histories and dedicates it to Titus, the son of Vespasian.

A plot by Aulus Caecina Alienus to kill Vespasian is uncovered. Titus invites him to dinner and orders him stabbed to death.

Death of Vespasian. Titus becomes emperor and promises Domitian a share in the government, but no such changes are made.

Eruption of Mount Vesuvius under the reign of Titus.

Eruption of Mount Vesuvius and destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Titus spends considerable efforts in the recovery.

A son of unknown name is born to Domitian and Domitia.

A great fire occurs in Rome. Titus provides funds to help rebuild.

The Colosseum is completed and significant games are celebrated by Titus.

The Arch of Titus is built by Domitian to honor his older brother.

Titus dies unexpectedly of an illness. Domitian becomes emperor.

The Senate confirms powers for Domitian, including Emperor.

Domitian finishes restoration of theTemple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.

Domitian founds a new legion, the Legio I Minervia.

Domitian executes three Vestal Virgins. This was the first such punishment in 170 years.

Death of the only son of Domitian and Domitia, which leads to a rift in their marriage. Domitia is exiled.

Domitian travels to Gaul and orders an attack on the Chatti.

Birth of Sabina in Rome.

Domitian returns to Rome and celebrates a triumph.

Domitia is allowed to return to the palace by Domitian.

The Dacians under King Decebalus cross the Danube and kill the governor of Moesia. Domitian is forced to act.

Death of the father of Sabina, Lucius Vibius Sabinus.

The Roman general Agricola, acting under Domitian, defeats the Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius. However, most of the enemy escapes and prevent him from taking over all of Britain.

Agricola is recalled from Britain to Rome by Domitian, thus effectively ending the British expansion.

Domitian nominates himself as perpetual censor in order to maintain Roman morals.

Domitian begins construction of what would be called the Forum of Nerva.

Stadium of Domitian is dedicated in Rome.

Domitian founds the Capitoline Games.

Death of Hadrian‘s parents. He and his sister become wards of Trajan.

Domitian returns to Moesia and divides it into two provinces.

Birth of Antoninus Pius to itus Aurelius Fulvus and Arria Fadilla.

The Temple of Vespasian and Titus, begun under Titus, is finished by Domitian.

Domitian orders a significant troop withdrawal from Britain to fight in Dacia.

Romans in the service of Domitian invade Dacia.

Romans under Tettius Julianus defeat the Dacians under Decebalus. Domitian agrees to a peace treaty with Decebalus that is considered shameful to Rome.

Trajan directs the quelling of a coup by Antonius Saturninus against Domitian.

Death of Titus Aurelius Fulvus, the father of Antoninus Pius.

Lucius Antonius Saturninus, the governor of Germania Superior, revolts against Domitian.

The mutiny of Lucius Antonius Saturninus is crushed by officers loyal to Domitian.

Domitian shares the consulship with Nerva.

Domitian executes the head of the Vestal Virgins, virgo maxima Cornelia.

Marriage of Trajan to Pompeia Plotina.

Trajan serves as consul.

Domitian expels all philosophers from Rome.

Hadrian serves as military tribune with the Legio II.

Emperor Domitian strengthens Corinth’s defenses and invests in infrastructure, enhancing the city’s prosperity and its standing within the Roman Empire.

The Temple of Zeus Lepsinos in Euromos is completed during the reign of Emperor Domitian.

Nerva introduces reforms to the fiscus Iudaicus and redefines Judaism as a religion.

Domitian is assassinated by a steward named Stephanus.

Nerva selects Trajan as heir. Hadrian is given the responsibility of delivering the news.

The Forum of Nerva is completed.

A plot by Crassus Frugi Licinianus to kill Nerva is uncovered, but Nerva refuses to put the conspirators to death.

The Praetorian Guard take Nerva hostage until he agrees to hand over the men who had killed Domitian.

Nerva designates Trajan as his successor.

The mother of Antoninus Pius marries Publius Julius Lupus.

Nerva suffers a stroke.

Nerva dies at his villa. Trajan becomes Emperor.

Trajan enters Rome in great ceremony.

Marriage of Hadrian to Sabina, the grand-niece of Trajan.

Approximate birth of Faustina I.

Trajan serves as consul for the third time.

Hadrian is elected quaestor.

Hadrian is in Trajan‘s entourage during the First Dacian War, likely to keep records.

Lucius Aelius Caesar is born.

Trajan launches his first Dacian campaign.

Trajan defeats Decebalus and makes Dacia a client kingdom.

Nicopolis ad Istrum is founded by Trajan.

Trajan completes the reconstruction of the Circus Maximus.

Decebalus attempts to kill Trajan via Roman deserters, but the plan fails.

Hadrian is elected praetor.

Trajan constructs a bridge across the Danube.

Decebalus crosses the Danube in an attack on Roman properties controlled by Trajan.

Hadrian serves as legate of the Legio I Minervia.

Adramytteion severely damaged during an earthquake. Trajan provides funds to rebuild it.

Arabia Petraea is annexed by Trajan.

Trajan takes Sarmisegetusa Regia, the capital of Decabalus, who commits suicide.

Trajan annexes the Nabataean Kingdom.

Trajan conquers the Nabataean Kingdom shortly after the death of Rabbel II.

Hadrian serves as governor of Lower Pannonia.

The Forum of Trajan is completed.

The Traiana Nova is constructed from Aqaba to Bostra by Trajan.

Trajan devalues the denarius from 93.5% to 89.0% silver.

Hadrian defeats an invasion by a Sarmatian tribe.

Trajan holds 123 days of games to celebrate his Dacian victory.

The Via Traiana is completed to reach Brundisium by Trajan at his own expense.

The Aqua Traiana is constructed in Rome by Trajan.

Trajan constructs the Tropaeum Traiani in Romania to commemorate his victory over the Dacians.

The Baths of Trajan are completed in Rome.

Faustina marries Antoninus Pius.

Hadrian briefly serves as ruler of Athens and is granted Athenian citizenship.

Completion of the Column of Trajan.

Trajan embarks on a campaign against Parthia.

Trajan takes Armenia and annexes it as a Roman province.

Hadrian joins Trajan‘s Parthian campaign as legate.

The Diaspora Revolt results in major damage to Alexandria and the near annihilation of its Jewish community. Trajan uses the occasion to rebuild the city.

While being visited by the Emperor Trajan, Antioch is severely damaged in an earthquake. The same earthquake heavily damages Apameia on the Axios.

Roman Emperor Trajan briefly occupies Babylon during his campaign against the Parthian Empire.

Trajan takes Nisibis and Batnae and creates a province of Mesopatamia.

During Emperor Trajan‘s Parthian campaign, Adiabene is briefly occupied by Roman forces as part of their conquest of Mesopotamia.

Trajan captures Seleukeia, the Parthian capital of Ktesiphon, Babylon, and supposedly Susa.

Hadrian suppresses the Kitos War in Judea.

Pliny the Younger, serving as the Roman governor of Bithynia et Pontus, writes to Emperor Trajan about various administrative matters in the province, including Amastris.

The Arch of Trajan is completed.

Trajan dies in Selinos, Cilicia. Hadrian becomes Emperor.

The historian Suetonius is dismissed by Hadrian for conducting himself too informally with Sabina.

A triumphal arch is constructed by Hadrian in Perge.

Marcus Aurelius is born in Rome.

Hadrian initiates construction of Hadrian’s Wall.

Hadrian visits Britannia.

Hadrian‘s Nymphaeum is constructed in Perge.

Hadrian travels to Mauretania and personally leads an assault against local rebels.

Hadrian visits Kyrene.

Hadrian visits Nikaia after it’s damaged by an earthquake.

Hadrian visits Samothrace.

Hadrian first encounters Antinous at Claudiopolis.

Hadrian revives the Sanctuary to Asklepios at Epidauros.

The Emperor Hadrian founds Hadrianotherea to commemorate a successful hunt.

Hadrian puts plans into place to complete the Temple of Zeus at Kyzikos.

Hadrian elevates Kyzikos, Pergamon, Smyrna, Ephesos and Sardes as region centers for the imperial cult.

Hadrian is initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Hadrian visits Athens again.

Hadrian restores the Temple of Poseidon Hippios in Mantinea and changes the city’s name back to Mantinea (from Antigoneia).

Hadrian rebuilds ancient shrines in Megara and Argos.

Death of father of Marcus Aurelius.

Hadrian devotes considerable resources to complete the Temple of Olympian Zeus, under construction for centuries in Athens.

Hadrian visits Sicily.

Hadrian completes his villa (still visitable today) outside of Rome.

Hadrian divides Italy into four regions.

Hadrian sets off on a tour of Italy.

Emperor Hadrian visits Carthage, promoting further development and establishing it as a thriving Roman city.

Sabina awarded the title of Augusta.

Hadrian visits Africa.

Hadrian returns to Rome.

Hadrian again attends the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Hadrian visits Phaselis and builds a triple-arched gateway.

Lucius Aelius marries Avidia, the daughter of a senator.

Hadrian visits Judea and decides to rebuilt the ruined Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina.

Hadrian bestows Tyre with the title of Metropolis.

Birth of Faustina the Younger to Faustina and Antoninus Pius.

Antoninus Pius is appointed as Proconsul of Asia.

The harbor of Soloi is renovated by Antoninus Pius.

Hadrian arrives in Egypt.

Antinous falls into the Nile and drowns. Hadrian is enormously distraught.

Hadrian founds the city of Antinoöpolis to commemorate Antinous.

Poetry is written for Sabina on her visit with Hadrian to Egypt.

Hadrian visits the Colossi of Memnon in Egypt.

Birth of Lucius Verus to Lucius Aelius and Avidia.

Hadrian spends the winter in Athens amd dedicates the Temple of Olympian Zeus.

Bar Kokhba Revolt breaks out in Judea during Hadrian‘s reign.

Forces under Hadrian quell the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea, leaving roughly 580,000 Jews dead. Many of the survivors are enslaved.

Hadrian chooses Lucius Aelius, as his adopted son and heir.

Antoninus Pius is adopted by Emperor Hadrian, making him the designated successor after the death of Hadrian’s first choice, Aelius Caesar.

Death of Sabina, wife of Hadrian.

Birth of Ceionia Fabia to Lucius Aelius and Avidia. She would be bethrothed to Marcus Aurelius, but did not marry him.

Lucius Aelius, father of Lucius Verus, prepares to make a speech to the Senate in Rome, but grows ill and dies.

Faustina the Younger is engaged to Lucius Verus. This is later ended by her father Antoninus Pius when Hadrian changes his succession plans.

Antoninus Pius is adopted as Hadrian‘s new heir and subsequently adopts Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius as part of the arrangement.

Hadrian dies and Antoninus Pius becomes emperor at the age of 51. He persuades the Senate to deify Hadrian, earning him the title Pius for his devotion. Faustina becomes Empress.

Antoninus Pius grants Marcus Aurelius the title of Caesar, officially recognizing him as heir to the throne.

Antoninus Pius serves as Consul for the second time and oversees the construction of the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina in the Roman Forum, dedicated to his late wife, Faustina the Elder.

A major earthquake destroys Rhodes. Funds for is rebuilding are given by Antoninus Pius.

Marcus Aurelius serves as consul with Antoninus Pius.

Death of Faustina, making Antoninus Pius extremely distraught.

Antoninus Pius completes the construction of the Antonine Wall in Britannia, extending Roman control further north than the previous Hadrian’s Wall.

Antoninus Pius constructs and dedicates a temple to Faustina.

The marriage of Marcus Aurelius to Faustina the Younger, Antoninus‘ daughter, solidifies the family ties and succession plan.

Septimius Severus is born at Leptis Magna.

Birth of first child Domitia Faustina to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius. Faustina the Younger is elevated to Augusta.

Birth of Lucilla to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.

Birth of twin sons to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius. Both died in infancy.

Clodius Albinus is born at Hadrumetum in Roman Africa.

Birth of Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.

A series of minor conflicts break out on the empire’s frontiers, including unrest in Dacia and revolts in Egypt, but Antoninus manages these without major wars.

An earthquake destroys Kyzikos, including the newly built Temple to Hadrian. Funds for its rebuilding are allocated by Antoninus Pius.

Lucius Verus serves as quaestor.

Lucius Verus is consul.

Antoninus celebrates the 900th anniversary of the founding of Rome, a significant event during his reign.

Correct date and estimated year of birth of Julia Maesa in Emesa.

Birth of Annia Aurelia Fadilla to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.

Birth of Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.

Birth of Julia Domna in Emesa.

Marcus Aurelius engages his daughter Lucilla to Lucius Verus.

Lucius Verus is consul with Marcus Aurelius.

Lucius Verus leads the Roman military campaign against the Parthians, though much of the strategic command is delegated to his generals.

Antoninus Pius eats some alpine cheese at his estate in Lorium and vomits severely. He comes down with a fever thereafter and never recovers.

Antoninus Pius dies of illness at the age of 74 at his villa in Lorium, near Rome. He had reigned for 23 years, one of the longest and most stable reigns of any Roman emperor. He is succeeded jointly by Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Faustina the Younger becomes Empress.

Commodus born as Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus to Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger in Lanuvium.

Birth of Marcus Annius Verus Caesar to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.

Lucius Verus stays in Antioch, overseeing the Parthian campaign while indulging in luxury, reportedly earning a reputation for extravagance.

Galen arrives in Rome. He soon serves as primary doctor to Marcus Aurelius, and then for most of the life of Commodus.

Septimius Severus moves to Rome for career reasons.

The Tiber river overflows and destroys many houses. Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius give it their personal attention.

The Armenian capital Artaxata is captured by forces under Lucius Verus.

Lucilla and Lucius Verus are married in Ephesos.

The Parthian War concludes successfully for Rome, and Lucius Verus returns triumphantly.

Crispina is born. Her father, Gaius Bruttius Praesens, is a consul and governor.

Birth of Aurelia Lucilla to Lucilla and Lucius Verus in Antioch.

Roman forces under Lucius Verus capture the Parthian capital of Ktesiphon.

The elder twin brother of Commodus, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, dies.

Approximate birth year of Macrinus in Mauretania.

Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius celebrate a joint triumph in Rome for their victories over Parthia.

The Antonine Plague hits Rome during the rule of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.

Roman ambassadorial mission reaches China. It’s uncertain who sent it, but it may have been Antoninus Pius.

With his career stunted, Septimius Severus returns to Leptis Magna.

The Marcomanni cross the Danube and are pushed back by Marcus Aurelius.

Commodus made Caesar along with his younger brother, Marcus Annius Verus.

Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius lead military campaigns along the Danube River in response to Germanic incursions.

Marcus Aurelius increases the silver content in the Denarius from 79% to 82%.

Death of Lucius Verus while returning home from campaign. Lucilla is no longer Empress.

Marcus Annius Verus, the younger brother of Commodus, dies during an operation.

Marcus Aurelius arranges Lucilla to marry Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus Quintianus.

Death of Marcus Annius Verus Caesar, son of Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius, due to complications while trying to remove a tumor under his ear.

Birth of Vibia Aurelia Sabina to Faustina the Younger and Marcus Aurelius.

Marcus Aurelius reverts the silver content in the Denarius from 82% to 79% due to military crises.

Birth of son Pompeianus to Lucilla and Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus Quintianus.

Septimius Severus takes office as quaestor and enrolls in the Senate.

Commodus given the title Germanicus at Carnuntum, during the Marcomannic Wars headed by Marcus Aurelius.

Approximate birth year of Maximinus I Thrax in Thrace.

Septimius Severus serves in a high ranking military role to his cousin, the proconsul of Africa Proconsularis.

Septimius Severus serves as tribune of the people in Rome.

On hearing that Marcus Aurelius is ill, Avidius Cassius declares himself emperor in Syria. He is defeated and killed. Clodius Albinus serves with distinction in the campaign. Rumors abound that she is encouraged by Faustina the Younger, who sought his protection because he son Commodus is still young.

Septimius Severus marries Paccia Marciana from Leptis Magna.

Commodus enters the College of Pontiffs.

Commodus assumes his toga virilis, a sign of adult male citizenship, on the Danubian front.

Faustina the Younger dies in a military camp in Cappadocia of unknown causes. Marcus Aurelius publicly grieves for her.

Emperor Marcus Aurelius visits Alexandria and addresses the city’s citizens during his reign.

Marcus Aurelius and Commodus are initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Marcus Aurelius and Commodus return to Rome from their campaign against Cassius.

Marcus Aurelius and Commodus celebrate a joint triumph.

Commodus becomes consul for the first time.

Commodus assumes tribunician power.

Commodus marries Bruttia Crispina.

Marcus Aurelius and Commodus head to the Danubian front again.

Smyrna is heavily damaged by an earthquake and rebuilt by Marcus Aurelius.

Birth of Julia Soaemias to Julia Maesa.

The Emperor Commodus choose to hold the Olympic Games in Antioch.

Commodus devalues the Roman currency, lowering the Denarius from 3.85 grams to 3.35 grams.

Death of Marcus Aurelius. Commodus becomes Emperor.

Commodus holds a triumph for himself after a Danubian campaign.

Birth of Julia Mamaea to Julia Maesa.

Lucilla and two men (reputed to be her lovers) attempt to kill her brother Commodus. The men are executed and Lucilla is exiled to Capri.

Lucilla is executed on Capri by a centurion sent by Commodus.

Commodus devalues the Roman currency further.

Paccia Marciana, wife of Septimius Severus, dies.

Marriage of Septimius Severus to Julia Domna.

Septimius Severus serves as governor of Lugdunum.

Crispina charged with adultery by Commodus and banished to Capri.

Caracalla born as Lucius Septimius Bassianus to Septimius Severus and Julia Domna in Lugdunum.

Birth of Geta to Julia Domna and Septimius Severus.

During a food shortage, the people of Rome demand the head of Cleander, the chamberlain of Commodus, who gave in and executed Cleander and his children.

Rome under Commodus is severely damaged by a fire.

Crispina is executed by Commodus.

Commodus appoints Septimius Severus governor of Pannonia Superior.

Commodus declares himself a new Romulus and re-founds Rome.

Commodus holds the Plebeian Games, where he shoots many animals and fights as a gladiator, of course winning every fight.

Emperor Septimius Severus, a native of North Africa, grants Carthage additional privileges, marking it as a prominent city within the Roman Empire.

Septimius Severus discharges the Praetorian Guard and forbids them from coming within 160km of Rome.

The mistress of Commodus, Marcia, discovers she is to be executed. She poisons him, but he vomits up the food. The wrestler Narcissus strangles Commodus in his bath.

In response to the murder of Pertinax, troops proclaim Septimius Severus Emperor.

Clodius Albinus shares the consulship with Septimius Severus.

Septimius Severus crushes the forces of Pescennius Niger at the Battle of Issus.

Byzantion sides with Pescennius Niger over Septimius Severus, Roman forces besiege the city and cause considerable damage.

Septimius Severus installs Caracalla as his successor and has the Senate declare Clodius Albinus an enemy.

Clodius Albinus declares himself emperor of Britain.

Septimius Severus sails to Aigai in preparation for a Parthian campaign.

Septimius Severus defeats Clodius Albinus at the Battle of Lugdunum. Clodius Albinus kills himself. Septimius Severus becomes sole Emperor, and Julia Domna becomes Empress.

Septimius Severus sacks the Parthian capital of Ktesiphon.

Septimius Severus fails to take Hatra after two lengthy sieges.

Septimius Severus and Caracalla thank Nicopolis ad Istrum for celebrating a festival and sending money.

Septimius Severus proclaims Caracalla and his brother Geta as co-emperors.

Caracalla inducted into the Arval Brethren, a body of priests who offered annual sacrifices to the gods for good harvests.

Approximate birth of Valerian I.

Birth of Trajan Decius in Illyricum.

Caracalla serves as Roman consul with his father, Septimius Severus.

Septimius Severus launches a military campaign in Africa.

Caracalla forced to marry Fulvia Plautilla, whom he hated.

Septimius Severus significantly enlarges Rome’s territory in Africa.

Approximate birth of Philip I in Syria.

Birth of daughter, name unknown, to Plautilla and Caracalla.

Birth of Elagabalus to Julia Soaemias and Sextus VariusMarcellus.

Caracalla serves as Roman consul for the second time, this time with his brother Geta.

Caracalla banishes his wife, Plautilla.

The Praetorian prefect Plautianus is executed by Septimius Severus after allegation of a conspiracy by Julia Domna and Caracalla.

Trebonianus Gallus is born in Italy.

Caracalla celebrates the tenth year of his rule.

Caracalla serves as consul for the third time with Geta, his second.

Septimius Severus travels to Britain in order to conquer Scotland.

Birth of Severus Alexander to Julia Mamaea in Phoenicia.

Septimius Severus leads his army into the north of Britain. He takes heavy casualties from guerilla warfare, but also massacres many locals.

Caracalla leads an expedition north of the Antonine Wall to destroy everything on the other side on behalf of Septimius Severus.

Approximate year of the birth of Aemilian in Girba, Africa.

Plautilla is strangled to death, possibly on orders from Caracalla.

Construction of the Baths of Caracalla begins.

Septimius Severus dies at Eboracum while on campaign in the north of Britain. Caracalla and Geta become co-emperors with Julia Domna mediating between them.

Caracalla proclaims the Constitutio Antoniniana, which gives all free men in the Roman Empire Roman citizenship.

Caracalla erects a temple to Serapis on the Quirinal Hill.

Caracalla has an unpleasant experience in Nicopolis ad Istrum and strips its title of Ulpia.

Caracalla unsuccessfully attempts to murder Geta at Saturnalia festivities.

Julia Domna arranges a conciliation meeting between her sons and co-emperors Caracalla and Geta. There, Geta is assassinated by the Praetorian Guard.

Caracalla leaves Rome and accompanies troops against the Alamanni.

Caracalla heads to the eastern provinces.

Birth of Claudius Gothicus.

Aurelian is born in Sirmium in the province of Pannonia. His full name is Lucius Domitius Aurelianus.

Death of the husband of Julia Soaemias and the father of Elagabalus.

Caracalla visits Alexandria and feels insulted by the locals, so he orders all men of arms-bearing age to be executed.

Caracalla introduces the antoninianus, worth two denarii.

Emperor Caracalla holds funeral games at the Tomb of Achilles at Achilleion on his way to Parthia.

Partial inauguration of the Baths of Caracalla.

Death of husband of Julia Maesa in Cyprus.

Julia Domna commits suicide in Antioch after the death of her son Caracalla.

Caracalla stabbed to death by Justin Martialis, who had been recruited by Macrinus.

Macrinus is proclaimed emperor and exiles Julia Maesa, her daughters Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea, and her grandson Elagabalus.

Macrinus fights an indecisive effort against the Parthians at the Battle of Nisibis.

Approximate birth year of Gallienus to Valerian and Mariniana.

Julia Maesa deliberately spreads a rumor that her grandson Elagabalus is the son of Caracalla after an illicit relationship between Caracalla and his mother Julia Soaemias.

Elagabalus is declared emperor by the legion in Emesa.

Elagabalus is made consul.

Macrinus is captured near Zeugma and is beheaded.

Legions supporting Elagabalus defeat Macrinus and Diadumenian at the Battle of Antioch.

Elagabalus inducted into the College of Pontiffs.

Julia Maesa arranges for her grandson Elagabalus to marry Julia Paula.

Elagabalus finally enters Rome.

Elagabalus divorces Julia Paula in order to marry Aquilia Severa.

Marriage of Aquilia Severa to Elagabalus. The marriage is highly controversial because she is a vestal virgin.

Elagabalus installs Elagabal as the chief deity of Rome.

Elagabalus divorces Aquilia Severa and marries Annia Faustina.

Elagabalus marries Aquilia Severa again.

Septimius Severus devalues the Denarius.

Carus is born, most likely in Narbo, Gaul.

Elagabalus and his mother Julia Soaemias are assassinated by the Praetorian Guard in Rome. Following Elagabalus’s death, Aquilia Severa disappears from the historical record. Severus Alexander becomes Emperor, while Julia Maesa and Julia Mamaea remain very powerful.

The Senate ratifies Severus Alexander as Emperor.

Approximate marriage year of Herennia Etruscilla to Trajan Decius.

Birth of Gordian III.

Approximate death year of Julia Maesa, mother to Julia Mamaea and grandmother of Severus Alexander.

Estimated birth year of Herennius Etruscus to Trajan Decius and Herennia Etruscilla.

Julia Mamaea has the wife of Severus Alexander, Sallustia Orbiana,, exiled and her father executed.

The Baths of Nero are restored by Severus Alexander.

Severus Alexander increases the silver in the Denarius after devaluing it when he became Emperor.

The Sassanids under Ardashir invade the Roman eastern provinces under Severus Alexander.

Trajan Decius serves as suffect consul.

Approximate birth year of Probus.

Taurinus is declared Emperor in Syria over Severus Alexander.

Taurinus is defeated by Severus Alexander and drowns while trying to cross the Euphrates.

Severus Alexander begins a campaign against the Sassanids from Antioch.

Severus Alexander celebrates a triumph in Rome.

Otacilia Severa marries Philip I.

Germanic tribes invade across the Danube. Severus Alexander reacts by increasing disciple in the already demoralized army and trying to bribe the barbarians to leave.

Maximinus I Thrax campaigns against the Alemanni.

Trajan Decius serves as governor of Hispania.

Aurelian joins the army.

Severus Alexander and Julia Mamaea are killed together in a military camp by soldiers loyal to Maximus Thrax, who becomes Emperor.

Maximinus I Thrax appoints his son, Gaius Julius Verus Maximus, Caesar.

Maximinus I Thrax fights the Sarmatians and Dacians from a base at Sirmium.

Birth of Philip II to Otacilia Severa and Philip I.

Gordian III‘s uncle and grandfather, Gordian I and Gordian II, are declared joint emperors in Africa.

Valerian I serves as princeps senatus and negotiates with Gordian I for his acclamation as Emperor.

Gordian I and Gordian II are named co-emperors in Africa against Maximinus I Thrax.

The revolt by Gordian I and Gordian II fails in Africa before Maximinus I Thrax can even effect much. Gordian II is killed in battle and Gordian I hangs himself.

After the deaths of Gordian I and II, Gordian III is proclaimed Caesar at the age of 13 by the Senate under co-emperors Pupienus and Balbinus.

During a siege of Aquileia, the soldiers of Maximinus I Thrax grow disaffected with him. They then kill him and his son. Balbinus and Pupienus become co-emperors.

Pupienus and Balbinus are murdered by the Praetorian Guard. Gordian III, at 13, is declared sole emperor by the Senate.

Gordian III faces the rebellion of Sabinianus in Africa but successfully suppresses it.

Gordian III marries Tranquillina.

Gordian III launches a military campaign against the Sasanian Empire in the East to reclaim Roman territories. He gains support from his father-in-law, Timesitheus, who serves as his Praetorian Prefect.

Philip I becomes Praetorian prefect under Gordian III.

Gallienus marries Cornelia Salonina.

Gordian III wins a significant victory at the Battle of Resaena against the Sasanians.

Philip I travels through Deultum.

Estimated birth year of Valerian II to Salonina and Gallienus.

Birth of Diocletian near Salona (Croatia).

Gordian III dies under unclear circumstances, either in battle against the Sasanians or assassinated by mutinous troops. His death occurs near the city of Zaitha (modern Iraq), and Philip the Arab succeeds him as emperor and Otacilia Severa becomes Empress.

Philip I arrives in Rome and is confirmed as Augustus.

Philip I renames his home town in Syria to Philippopolis and elevates it to civic status.

Estimated birth year of Saloninus to Salonina and Gallienus.

Philip I claims victory over the Carpi.

Estimated birth year of Marinianus to Salonina and Gallienus.

Approximate birth year of Helena in Bithynia.

Philip I celebrates the Ludi Saeculares to commemorate the 1000th anniversary of Rome.

Philip I elevates his son, Philip II, to co-augustus.

Legions of Pannonia and Moesia revolt against Philip I.

Philip II is killed in the arms of his mother, Otacilia Severa.

Construction of the Baths of Decius are begun in Rome by Trajan Decius.

Trajan Decius is proclaimed Emperor by the Danubian armies against Philip I and marches towards Rome.

Trajan Decius defeats and kills Philip the Arab at Verona. Trajan Decius becomes Emperor and Herennia Etruscilla Augusta.

Approximate birth year of Maximian in Sirmium.

Herennius Etruscus and Hostilian are elevated to Caesar by Trajan Decius.

Trajan Decius issues edicts requiring that everyone sacrifice for the Emperor.

Birth of Constantius Chlorus on Moesia Superior.

Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus defeat a Gothic army at the Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum.

The Goths regroup and defeat the Romans, led by Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus at the Battle of Beroe.

Aemilian sent to the balkans to command an army by Trebonianus Gallus.

Valerian I chosen as censor by the Senate.

Trajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus are killed at the Battle of Abritus. Trebonianus Gallus becomes Emperor and raises Hostilian to Augustus, while keeping Herennia Etruscilla and Empress.

Hostilian dies from the plague. Trebonianus Gallus elevates Volusianus to Augustus and Herennia Etruscilla remains Empress.

Uranius Antoninus declares himself Emperor over Trebonianus Gallus, then forces Shapur I to retreat.

Aemilian declares himself Emperor over Trebonianus Gallus.

Valerian I mobilizes troops to come to the aid of Trebonianus Gallus, but arrives too late.

Trebonianus Gallus and Volusian are killed, possibly by their own troops. Aemilian becomes emperor.

Aemilian is killed by his own troops and Valerian is proclaimed Emperor. At his urging, his son Gallienus is promoted to Augustus.

Valerian II made Caesar under Valerian and Gallienus.

Valerian I recovers Antioch and returns Syria to Roman control.

Death of Valerian II, who dies under suspicious circumstances while in the guardianship of Ingenuus, a powerful Illyrian governor, that Gallienus attempts to demote Ingenuus.

Saloninus elevated to Caesar under Valerian and his father Gallienus.

Ingenuus revolts against Gallienus and Valerian. Gallienus quickly meets him in battle and defeats him. Ingenuus is killed by his own guards or commits suicide.

Approximate birth of Galerius in Dacia.

The Alamanni invade Italy and are eventually defeated by Gallienus at the Battle of Mediolanum.

Regalianus revolts against Gallienus and Valerian. He is killed by invading Roxolani after ruling for six months.

Valerian I attempts to reach Edessa but is slowed by a plague.

Birth of Vabalathus in Palymyra to Zenobia and Oedaenathus.

Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is killed by troops of Postumus at Colonia Agrippina.

The Roman army under Valerian is defeated by Shapur I at the Battle of Edessa. Valerian is taken prisoner. Gallienus becomes the sole Emperor.

Saloninus orders Postumus to hand over some booty from a German campaign.

Postumus besieges Saloninus at Colonia Agrippina. Saloninus is turned over to Postumus’ troops, who kill him.

Postumus declares the Gallic Empire in a revolt against Gallienus.

Britannia and Hispania acknowledge Postumus as Emperor.

Postumus establishes his capital at Trier.

The prefect of Egypt, Lucius Mussius Aemilianus, revolts against Gallienus.

Postumus conducts a successful campaign against the Franks.

Troops of Gallienus defeat Aemilianus, imprison, and then strangle him.

Gallienus surrounds the forces of the Gallic Empire under Postumus, but is wounded by an arrow and forced to flee.

Postumus leads a successful campaign against the Alemanni.

Gallienus attacks Postumus, who escapes due to a mistake by Gallienus’ commander Aureolus.

Approximate birth year of Licinius in Moesa Superior.

Postumus and Victorinus are consuls of the Galliic Empire.

Aureolus rebels from Gallienus and declares for Postumus.

Death of Oedenaethus, father of Vabalathus, who becomes king, though his mother Zenobia rules due to his age.

Disputed death year of Salonina.

Aurelian plays a key role in the assassination of Emperor Gallienus and supports Claudius Gothicus, who becomes the new emperor.

Aureolus, a commander under Gallienus, claims the throne for himself.

Claudius Gothicus defeats an army of Gauls at the Battle of Naissus.

Gallienus is killed and Claudius Gothicus chosen as emperor by troops outside of Milan.

Gallienus besieges Aureolus at Pontirolo Nuovo. Aureolus is defeated, but Gallienus is killed by his own soldiers.

Laelianus is raised by troops as a usurper to Postumus in the Gallic Empire.

Claudius Gothicus and Aurelian march against the Alamanni and defeat them at the Battle of Lake Benacus.

Postumus captures and kills Laelianus by capturing Mogontiacum. When Postumus’ soldiers wish to plunder the city and Postumus refuses to allow them, they kill Postumus and install Marius as Emperor.

Victorinus is proclaimed the Gallic Emperor by troops at Trier.

Emperor Claudius Gothicus dies of the plague. Aurelian is declared emperor by the army, succeeding Claudius’s brother, Quintillus, who was briefly recognized as emperor but soon dies, possibly by suicide.

Palmyra invades Egypt and Zenobia, the mother of Vabalathus, is declared queen of Egypt.

Aurelian begins his campaign against the Juthungi, a Germanic tribe that had invaded Italy. He defeats them decisively, securing the northern frontier of the empire.

Birth of Maximinus Daza to the sister of Galerius.

Aurelian marches east to confront the rebellious Palmyrene Empire, ruled by Queen Zenobia. He successfully defeats Zenobia’s forces and reclaims the eastern provinces for Rome.

The Empire of Palmyra takes Galatia in the name of Vabalathus.

The Gallic emperor Victorinus is murdered by a jealous husband. Victorinus’ mother takes the throne and selects Tetricus after receiving significant bribes from the army.

Aurelian faces a Gothic invasion and defeats them at the Battle of Placentia and the Battle of Pavia. He begins fortifying the city of Rome, initiating the construction of the Aurelian Walls to protect against future invasions.

Tetricus moves the capital of the Gallic Empire from Colonia to Augusta Treverorum.

Queen Zenobia of Palmyra briefly controls Egypt, including Alexandria, during her revolt against Rome, but Emperor Aurelian recaptures the city later that year.

Aurelian captures Zenobia and her son, Vaballathus, ending the Palmyrene Empire’s challenge to Roman authority. Zenobia is brought to Rome as a prisoner.

Vabalathus is believed to have died on his way to Rome.

Birth of Constantine the Great in Moesia Superior to Constantius Chlorus and Helena.

Aurelian suppresses a rebellion in Egypt led by a usurper named Firmus.

Probus becomes a high ranking lieutenant under Aurelian.

Aurelian turns his attention to the Gallic Empire, a breakaway state in the western provinces. He defeats Tetricus I, the last Gallic emperor, at the Battle of Châlons. This victory reunifies the Roman Empire under Aurelian’s rule.

Tetricus serves as consul with his son, Tetricus II.

Faustinus, governor of Gallia Belgica, rebels against Tetricus and is crushed.

Aurelian institutes the festival of Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (Birthday of the Unconquered Sun), promoting the worship of Sol Invictus as a unifying religious figure across the empire.

Aurelian prepares for a major campaign against the Sassanid Empire in the East. However, during preparations, he is assassinated by members of his own staff, misled by a false rumor that he intended to execute them. His wife, Severina, may briefly control the Roman Empire.

Tacitus is declared Emperor. Severina is no longer in control of the Roman Empire, if she was.

Tacitus visits Kremna.

Probus asks the Senate to ratify his accession, which they eagerly do.

Florian is appointed by his half-brother Tacitus as Praetorian prefect.

Tacitus dies from an uncertain military plot. His half-brother Florian quickly declares himself Emperor.

Florian is surrounded by Probus in Tarsos. His soldiers rise up and kill him.

Probus campaigns successfully in Gaul against the Alemanni and Longiones. He also annihilates the entire nation of Lugii.

Probus fights in Illyria against the Vandals.

Probus defeats and kills the usurper Bonosus.

The usurper Julius Saturninus is killed before the assassins of Probus can reach him.

Probus puts down and kills the usurper Proculus.

Carus is appointed a Praetorian prefect by Probus.

Probus celebrates a triumph in Rome.

The Emperor Carus gives Diocletian charge of an elite cavalry force.

Diocletian obtains a consulship.

Probus is killed in a mutiny by Sirmium. The soldiers proclaim Carus emperor. The mutiny may have been directed by him.

Carus proclaims his sons Numerian and Carinus as Caesars.

Approximate birth year of Maxentius to Eutropia and Maximian.

Carus elevates his son Carinus to Augustus while he prepares to attack Gaul.

Carus achieves victories over the Qadi and Sarmatians. He takes Seleukeia and the Sassanian capital Ktesiphon.

Carus dies, reportedly from a lightning strike but potentially from poisoning. Carinus and Numerian become Augusti.

Death of Numerian from unknown causes (found deceased in his carriage).

Diocletian is acclaimed as Augustus by his soldiers.

Maximian charges Carausias with clearly the English Channel of pirates.

Diocletian and Carinus meet at the Battle of the Margus, where Carinus is killed by his own men. Both the West and East armies declare Diocletian Emperor.

Carinus and Diocletian meet at the Battle of the Margus River. Either Diocletian wins, or Carinus wins but is then killed by the tribune whose wife he seduced.

Maximian promoted to Caesar by Diocletian.

Diocletian fights battles against the Quadi and Marcomanni.

Diocletian fights along the Danube against the Sarmatians.

Maximian declares himself Augustus. This is confirmed by Diocletian.

Diocletian assumes the title Iovius and Maximian takes Herculius.

Carausius, upon learning that Maximian has ordered his execution, declares himself Emperor of Britain and northern Gaul.

Persia relinquishes control of Armenia and Diocletian annexes it.

Constantius Chlorus made a praetorian prefect in the West under Maximian.

Diocletian and Maximian execute a joint campaign against the Alamanni.

Approximate birth year of Fausta to Maximian and Eutropia.

Diocletian and Maximian meet in Milan and are seen together in a number of public performances.

Galeria Valeria marries Galerius.

Constantius Chlorus divorces Helena to marry Theodora.

Maximian promotes Constantius Chlorus to Caesar with the approval of Diocletian.

Constantius Chlorus defeats the forces of Carausius, who had declared himself emperor in Gaul.

Diocletian campaigns successfully against the Sarmatians.

Diocletian travels through Deultum on his way to Nicomedia.

Birth of son Julius Constantius to Theodora and Constantius Chlorus.

Constantius Chlorus achieves several victories over the Alamanni.

Constantine I fights against barbarians on the Danube for Diocletian.

Maximian begins an offensive against the Berbers.

Constantine I fights against Persians in Syria with Diocletian.

Diocletian puts down a rebellion in the Thebaid area of Egypt.

The Persians under Narseh defeat Galerius. Diocletian publicly humiliates Galerius by placing the entire blame on him and forces him to walk for a mile ahead of the imperial caravan.

Death of usurper Domitianus in Egypt. Diocletian controls Egyptian countryside.

Pompey’s Pillar erected in Alexandria to honor Diocletian.

Diocletian creates a new province named Hispania Carthaginensis and sets Carthago Nova as its capital.

Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alemanni at the Battle of Lingones.

Galerius is reinforced and leads another campaign against northern Mesopatamia. He is joined by his close friend Licinius.

Galerius defeats Narseh in the Battle of Satala and takes his treasury, harem, and wife.

Maximian makes a triumphal entry into Carthage.

Galerius takes Nisibis after advancing through Medea and Adiabene.

Maximian celebrates a triumph in Rome.

Arch of Galerius constructed in Thessalonika to commemorate the victory over Narseh.

Diocletian arrives in Syria after the Egyptian campaign.

Peace negotiations occur between Narseh and Diocletian with Galerius.

Estimated birth year of Crispus to Constantine the Great and Minervina.

Constantius Chlorus fights against the Franks on the Rhein frontier.

Diocletian issues a decree that low-ranking Manichians be executed and high-ranking ones sent to the quarries.

Diocletian orders the tongue of the deacon Romanus of Caesarea removed for interrupting sacrifices.

Approximate birth year of Magnentius in Gaul.

Diocletian orders the new church in Nikomedia destroyed and its treasure taken.

First of edicts persecuting Christians issues by Diocletian and Galerius.

Constantine I returns to Nicomedia from the eastern front.

Diocletian orders the execution of six high-ranking Christians, including the bishop of Anthimus.

Diocletian announces his resignation. Maximian follows suit. Constantius and Galerius are promoted to Augusti, while Severus II and Maximinus are appointed Caesars.

Constantius requests his son Constantine I join him in Britain. Galerius grants the request after drinking heavily.

Constantine I is a tribune of the first order.

Constantine I funds major changes to the agora at Nicopolis ad Istrum.

Constantius Chlorus defeats the Picts in battle, earning the title of Britannicus.

Death of Constantius Chlorus in Britain. Constantine the Great is declared Augustus by his troops.

Maxentius, jealous of the power of Constantine the Great, seizes the title of Emperor. Galerius refuses to recognize him, but is powerless to stop him.

Maximian returns to Rome but falls out with his son, Maxentius

Constantine the Great defeats the Franks near Trier. The kings and their soldiers are fed to animals at the amphitheater in Trier.

Constantine the Great begins a major expansion of Trier.

Licinius is sent by Galerius to negotiate with Maxentius.

Severus II is sent against Maxentius, but his troops defect and he is imprisoned.

Constantine the Great and Maxentius agree to a peace, brokered by Maximian, where Constantine marries Maximian’s daughter Fausta and Constantine would support Maxentius in Italy.

Constantine the Great leaves Gaul for Britain and chooses not to help Maxentius in Italy.

Severus II is executed, likely on the orders of Maxentius.

Maximian attempts to take his son Maxentius‘ title. This fails and he returns to the court of Constantine the Great.

Constantine the Great raids Germanic tribes and builds a bridge over the Rhein at Colonia Agrippinensium.

Galeria Valeria elevated to title of Augusta.

Galerius calls a council to discuss the disruptive western provinces. Diocletian and Maximian attend. Maximian is forced to abdicate and Constantine the Great is demoted to Caesar under the new Augustus Licinius.

Maximian rebels against Constantine the Great while he is fighting the Franks.

Constantine the Great changes his patron from Mars to Sol Invictus.

Licinius inflicts a defeat on the Sarmatians.

Maxentius loses Istria to Licinius.

Constantine the Great captures Maximian at Arles when the citizens open their rear gates to him. Maximian commits suicide.

Constantine the Great, no longer able to rely on the Maximian family for name, invents that he descended from Claudius Gothicus.

Galerius posts a letter declaring an end to religious persecutions.

Licinius reaches an agreement with Maximinus Daza to share the eastern provinces between them.

Death of Galerius from a gruesome disease.

Care of Galeria Valeria and her mother are entrusted to Licinius. However, they flee to Maximinus Daia.

Galeria Valeria rejects a marriage proposal from Maximinus Daia. He imprisons her and confiscates her properties.

Maxentius declares war on Constantine the Great.

Constantine the Great forges an alliance with Licinius, giving him his sister Constantia in marriage.

Helena returned to the imperial court under he son, Constantine the Great.

The tetrarchy is replaced by two Emperors – Constantine I in the west and Licinius in the east.

Death of Diocletian from an illness.

Constantine the Great crosses the alps to confront Maxentius.

Constantine the Great defeats soldiers of Maxentius at the Battle of Turin.

Constantine the Great rests his troops in Milan until continuing to Brixia.

The crowd openly taunts Maxentius at chariot races, saying that Constantine the Great is invincible.

Constantine the Great defeats Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Constantine claims in a dream that victory requires fighting under the Chi-Ro banner. Maxentius is trapped by fleeing soldiers and drowns in the Tiber.

Constantine the Great enters Rome to great acclaim.

Constantine the Great and Licinius meet in Milan to cement their marriage alliance. The two emperors sign the Edict of Milan, promising religious tolerance.

Licinius marries Flavia Julia Constantia, half sister of Constantine I.

Maximinus Daza takes Constantinople from Licinius.

Maximinus Daza takes Herakleia from Licinius after a short siege.

Licinius defeats Maximinus Daia at the Battle of Tzirallum.

Maximinus Daza dies in Tarsos, possibly due to Graves’ disease.

Licinius orders for the death of Galeria Valeria and her mother.

Death of Maximinus Daza. Licinius then kills his wife and children.

Constantine I defeats Licinius at the Battle of Cibalae.

Galeria Valeria is betrayed by residents of Thessalonika. Soldiers of Licinius behead her and her mother in a public square and throw their bodies in the sea.

Constantine I and Licinius share a consulship.

Birth of Licinius II to Constantia and Licinius.

Birth of Constantine II at Arles to Constantine I and Fausta.

Constantine the Great defeats Licinius at the Battle of Cibalae.

Valens is raised by Licinius as co-emperor.

Constantine the Great and Licinius fight at the Battle of Mardia, where both sides take heavy losses. They agree to promote Crispus, Constantine II, and Licinius II to Caesars.

Licinius is humiliated in the Battle of Mardia by Constantine I.

Bowing to pressure by Constantine I, Licinius has his co-emperor Valens killed.

Constantine II made Caesar.

Birth of Constantius II to Constantine the Great and Fausta.

Licinius campaigns against the Sarmatians.

Crispus is victorious on campaigns against the Franks.

Licinius II is made consul by Licinius.

Licinius goes against the Edict of Milan and begins removing Christians from office.

Licinius accuses Constantine I of breaking their treaty when he pursues Sarmatians and then Goths into his territory.

Birth of Valentinian I in Pannonia.

Approximate birth of Constans to Constantine I and Fausta.

Constantine the Great wages are on the Goths and Sarmatians from Sirmium.

A child is born to Crispus and his wife Helena.

The fleet of Constantine I takes moorage at Elaios against Licinius.

Constantine II accompanies his father Constantine the Great on campaign in Sarmatia.

Constantine the Great defeats the Goths and kills their leader.

Constantine I defeats Licinius in a naval encounter.

Constantine I refounds Byzantion as an imperial residence named Nova Roma.

Crispus, the son of Constantine the Great, achieves a huge naval victory over Licinius at the Battle of the Hellespont.

Licinius is soundly defeated by Constantine the Great at the Battle of Adrianople.

Constantine the Great defeats Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis. Licinius surrenders and are sent to live as private citizens.

Constantius II made Caesar by Constantine the Great.

Licinius is accused of a plot to kill Constantine the Great, is caught at Thessalonika, and is executed.

Constantius Gallus is born in Etruria.

Constantine the Great executes Licinius II.

Helena begins a trip to Judea.

Procopius is born in Cilicia.

Constantine the Great executes his son Crispus for reasons still unknown.

Constantine the Great has his wife Fausta killed in a boiling bath.

Construction completed on Constantine‘s Bridge, created with the hope of retaking Dacia.

Constantine II‘s own court is established at Trier.

Birth of Valens in Pannonia.

Death of Helena, with her son Constantine the Great at her side.

The city of Nova Roma, formerly known as Byzantion, is renamed to Constantinople by Constantine the Great.

Birth of Jovian in Moesia Superior to the commander of Constantius II‘s imperial bodyguards.

Julian II is born.

Constantine II made field commander by Constantine the Great against the Goths.

Constantine the Great defeats the Goths with help from the Sarmatians.

Constantine the Great achieves victory over the Sarmatians.

Constans elevated to Caesar at Constantinople by Constantine I

Constantine II married, though we don’t know to whom.

Delmatius raised to Caesar by Constantine the Great.

Constantius II sent to recapture Mesopatamia by Constantine the Great. He overruns it, captures Amida, and kills their leader Narses.

Constantius Gallus is one of the few relatives of Constantine the Great not purged after his death.

Delmatius is killed by his own soldiers, possibly orchestrated by Constantius II.

Death of Constantine the Great. Constans, Constantine II, and Constantius II become emperors and divide the empire.

Constantine II leads a successful campaign against the Alamanni.

Constans campaigns against the Sarmatians.

Constantine II attempts to dictate legislation to Africa, which is part of the territory of his brother, Constans.

Constantine II leads an army into Italy against his brother Constans, only to be ambushed and killed. Constans takes over the territory of Constantine II.

Constans leads a campaign against the Franks, though is initially defeated.

Constans issues an edict banning superstition and pagan sacrifices.

Julian II and Constantius Gallus are transferred to Cappadocia after the death of Eusebius.

Constans defeats the Franks and signs a favorable treaty.

Constans and Constantius II hold the Council of Serdica to settle a dispute over the bishop Athanasius of Alexandria. There is no agreement.

Constans visits Britain.

Constantius II and Constans nearly start a civil war, until Constantius allows Athanasius to return to his position in Alexandria.

Theodosius I is born.

Magnentius, commander of a corps in the Roman army, overthrows and kills Constans.

Magnentius attends a dinner party, leaves, then comes back dressed in purple and declares himself Emperor.

Vetranio raised to the purple by his soldiers.

Magnentius declares his brother Decentius Caesar.

Constantius II defeats Magnentius at the Battle of Mursa Major, which is costly for both sides.

Julian II converts from Christianity to paganism.

Vetranio capitulates to Constantius II and is released to private life.

Constantius II raises Constantius Gallus to Caesar and marries him to his sister Constantina. Constantius Gallus takes up residence in Antioch.

Constantius II campaigns against the Sarmatians along the Danube.

Magnentius attemps to reach a peace with Constantius II, but is rejected.

Decentius is appointed consul by Magnentius.

Constantius Gallus raises a siege of Seleukia ad Kalykadnon by troops loyal to Shapur.

Constantius II defeats Magnentius at the Battle of Mons Seleucus.

Magnentius commits suicide after being surrounded by the forces of Constantius II. Decentius hangs himself.

Constantius Gallus is arrested by Constantius II and ordered put to death. He then reconsiders and orders Gallus spared, but the orders are delayed intentionally by Eusebius.

Constantius II campaigns agains the Alamanni.

Julian II held at the court of Constantius II in Milan on suspicion of treason.

Julian II sent to study in Athens.

Julian II is inducted into the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Claudius Silvanus rebels against Constantius II in Gaul.

Constantius II elevates Julian to Caesar.

Athanasius is exiled from Alexandria by Emperor Constantius II due to his opposition to Arianism.

Julian II leads a successful campaign to the Rhein.

Death of Vetranio in Bithynia.

Julian II engages in a coordinated action against the Alamanni that is directed by Constantius II. The operation fails when Julian is delayed by the Laeti and both parts are forced to withdraw.

Julian II takes charge of the province of Belgica Secunda.

Constantius II visits Rome for the only time in his life.

Shapur II demands Constantius II return the lands taken earlier, but is rejected. He then attacks.

Julian II achieves victories over the Franks on the Lower Rhein.

Gratian is born in Sirmium to Valentinian I and Marina Severa.

Shapur II destroys Singara, forcing Constantius II to march east.

Constantius II orders half of Julian II‘s troops to join him against Shapur II. The troops instead raise Julian II to Augustus.

Constantius II unsuccessfully attempts to take Ad Tigris.

The troops of Julian declare him Augustus in Paris, thus rebelling against Constantius II.

Julian II leads his troops against the Alamanni and capture their king.

Constantius II dies of fever in Cilicia, leaving Julian as the sole Augustus.

Emperor Julian, known as “Julian the Apostate” for his attempts to restore paganism, is initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries and actively promotes them, opposing the spread of Christianity.

Julian II enters Constantinople as the sole Emperor.

Julian II allows Jews to rebuild their temple in Jerusalem, but fires break out that stop the project.

Julian II launches a campaign against Persia. Procopius takes part.

Death of Julian II due to a wound received at the Battle of Samarra. His soldiers choose Jovian as Emperor.

Jovian begins a retreat while being harassed by Sassanids.

Jovian agrees to a humiliating peace treaty with the Sassanids to allow his forces to retreat.

Jovian arrives at Edessa and issues an edict to end the Sassanid war.

Jovian arrives to Antioch where the people are enraged. He orders the Library at Antioch burnt.

Jovian declares his infant son consul.

Death of the Emperor Jovian, possibly from suffocating by poisonous paint fumes. Valentinian, the father of Gratian, is proclaimed Augustus.

Valentinian I and Valens order the arrest of Procopius, but he escapes with his family.

Valentinian I selects his brother Valens as co-augustus.

Procopius declares himself Emperor and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia.

Valentinian I learns of the revolt of Procopius against Valens and an invasion of Gaul by the Alemanni.

Gratian appointed consul by his father, Valentinian.

Valens orders the execution of Procopius.

Valens crosses the Danube to attack Athanaric of the Visigoths.

Valentinian raises his son Gratian to co-augustus.

Valentinian and his son Gratian cross the Moenus River and scorch the territories of the Alamanni.

Theodosius accompanies his father on a trip to Britain.

Gratian awarded several victory titles for the successes over the Alamanni.

Valens and the Visigoths under Athanaric agree to a truce.

Birth of Valentinian II to Justina and Valentinian I.

Shapur II attacks Armenia but is defeated by Traianus and Vadomarius, generals of Valens.

Magnus Maximus serves under Theodosius in Africa.

Hostilities erupt between the Quadi and Valentinian I.

Gratian marries Constantia, daughter of Constantius II.

Theodosius is appointed a commanding officer in Moesia Prima.

Valentinian I is forced to make peace with the Alemannic chieftain Marcian.

Theodosius repels an invasion by Sarmatians.

The father of Theodosius falls into disfavor and is executed.

Valentinian dies of a stroke in Hungary, leaving Gratian as the sole western Emperor. Valens becomes the senior emperor.

Valentinian II, the half brother of Gratian, is proclaimed as Augustus. Gratian accepts the co-emperor.

Aelia Flacilla marries Theodosius I, then a high ranking general.

Birth of son Arcadius to Aelia Flacilla and Theodosius I.

Theodosius receives a military command again under Gratian.

Gratian releases an edict of religious tolerance and restores bishops exiled by Valens.

Valens is killed at the Battle of Adrianople by Gothic rebels. Gratian had earlier sent a letter begging his uncle Valens to wait for his arrival, but it was ignored.

Gratian appoints Theodosius I to govern in the east.

Theodosius succeeds Valens as emperor. Aelia Flacilla becomes empress.

Gratian issues edict against heresy.

Aelia Eudoxia is born. Her father, Flavius Bauto, was a Frankish general and a high-ranking officer in the Roman army.

Theodosius recovers from a life-threatening sickness and summarily requests baptism.

Theodosius is defeated by Gothic raiders from across the Danube.

Magnus Maximus is assigned to Britain.

Meeting of Gratian and Theodosius I. The diocese of Dacia is given to Gratian, while that of Macedonia goes to Theodosius.

Theodosius moves his court to Constantinople.

Due to pressure from the Alamanni, Gratian moves his seat from Trier to Milan.

Magnus Maximus defeats an incursion of Picts and Scots.

The Gothic leader Athanaric submits to Theodosius.

Gratian removes the winged Victory from the Senate floor and the privileges of the Vestal Virgins.

Theodosius and the Goths reach a treaty where the Goths are allowed to settle on Roman lands in exchange for military service.

Constantia dies. Gratian marries Laeta.

Magnus Maximus, who had declared himself Augustus, crosses over to Gaul from Britain and meets the forces of Gratian, whose army defects to Magnus Maximus. Gratian flees.

Theodosius declares his son Arcadius an Augustus over the western half of the Empire, without the approval of Gratian.

Gratian is pursued by a lieutenant of Magnus Maximus and killed at Lugdunum. Valentinian II is the only legitimate augustus in the west.

Magnus Maximus is recognized as the augustus in the West by Valentinian II and Theodosius I.

Theodosius meets Valentinian II in northern Italy.

Birth of son Honorius to Aelia Flacilla and Theodosius.

Aelia Flacilla, the wife of Theodosius, dies.

Honorius is elevated to consul by Theodosius I.

Death of Pulcheria, daughter of Theodosius.

Valentinian II escapes from Magnus Maximus to Theodosius I in the east.

Theodosius I marries Galla, the sister of Valentinian II.

Theodosius I and Persia agree to split Armenia between them in the Peace of Acilisene.

Magnus Maximus invades Italy.

Magnus Maximus issues an edict where he censures Christians in Rome who had burned down a synagogue. Bishop Ambrose, who later became a saint, states “the emperor has become a jew”.

An uprising occurs in Antioch against Theodosius.

Birth of son Gratian to Galla and Theodosius I.

Theodosius defeats Magnus Maximus at the Battle of Poetovio.

Magnus Maximus executed by Theodosius.

Magnus Maximus surrenders to Theodosius I in Aquileia and is executed.

Theodosius celebrates his victory in Rome.

The Massacre of Thessalonika occurs when Roman soldiers massacre civilians. It is believed to have been ordered by Theodosius.

Theodosius leaves his general Arbogast as head of the military for Valentinian II.

Theophilus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, orders the destruction of pagan temples in Alexandria, including the Serapeum, as part of the rising Christian influence and suppression of paganism following Emperor Theodosius I’s edicts against pagan worship.

Valentinian II dies in Vienna, either by suicide or by Arbogast.

Arbogast proclaims Eugenius Emperor, but this is opposed by Theodosius.

Theodosius raises his son Honorius to co-emperor.

Theodosius leaves Constantinople to fight the Arbogastes and Eugenius and leaves Arcadius nominally in charge.

Death of Galla, wife of Theodosius.

Theodosius and Eugenius meet on the battlefield. The result in indecisive with heavy casualties on both sides.

Theodosius defeats Eugenius at the Battle of the Frigidus thanks to a strong wind called the Bura that blows on Eugenius’ troops.

The Column of Theodosius is completed by Arcadius.

Theodosius dies, leaving Arcadius as the Emperor of the Eastern Empire and Honorius as the Western Emperor.

Marriage of Aelia Eudoxia to Arcadius.

Aelia Eudoxia is given the title of Augusta, solidifying her position and influence within the empire. Her growing power puts her at odds with other court officials, particularly the Praetorian Prefect, Rufinus.

Aelia Eudoxia gives birth to her first child with Arcadius, a daughter named Pulcheria.

Aelia Eudoxia gives birth to her second child with Arcadius, Theodosius II, the future Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Honorius marries Maria, the daughter of his general Stilicho.

The power struggle between Aelia Eudoxia and Eutropius, another influential official, escalates. Eutropius is eventually executed by Arcadius, strengthening Eudoxia’s influence.

A rebellion led by the Gothic general Gainas threatens Arcadius’s rule. However, Gainas is defeated.

Honorius moves his capital from Milan to Ravenna after the invasion of the Visigoths under Alaric I.

Alaric marches through the Alps and enters Italy to the despair of Honorius.

Stilicho, the general of Honorius, defeats Alaric at Pollentia.

Aelia Eudoxia’s and Arcadius‘ conflict with John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople, begins. John Chrysostom criticizes the Empress for her lavish lifestyle and perceived moral failings.

Aelia Eudoxia and John Chrysostom’s dispute reaches its peak. John Chrysostom is deposed and exiled by Arcadius, largely due to Eudoxia’s influence. She erects a silver statue of herself in the Forum of Constantinople, which John condemned in his sermons.

Aelia Eudoxia dies, likely due to complications from a miscarriage.

Stilicho, general to Honorius, defeats an invasion by Radagaisus.

Death of the Empress Maria, wife of Honorius.

Constantine III proclaimed as Emperor in Britain over Honorius.

Constantine III invades Gaul and takes Arles from Honorius.

Alaric invades Italy and Stilicho, general to Honorius, forces the Senate to give Alaric 4000 pounds of gold to leave.

Stilicho marries his second daughter, Thermantia, to Honorius.

Arcadius dies and is succeeded by his son, Theodosius.

Honorius executes his general Stilicho after a number of setbacks.

Alaric surrounds Rome and forces the senate to elect Priscus Attalus as Emperor, who ratified the previous treaty with Stilicho. This is an obvious threat to Honorius.

Gerontius, a general under Constantine III, who was a usurper of Honorius, rebels against Constantine III and declares Maximus Emperor.

The Eastern Roman Empire sends Honorius 6,000 soldiers to relieve the siege of Rome, but Alaric ambushes them and few survive.

Alaric dethrones Priscus Attalus to renew negotiations with Honorius.

Rome under Honorius is sacked by the Visigoths under Alaric.

Constantius, general to Honorius, defeats his usurpers Gerontius, Maximus, and Constantine III.

Jovinus rebels against Honorius in Gaul and attempts to negotiate with the Goths.

Honorius convinces Atauf of the Goths to kill the usurper Jovinus.

Heraclianus raises a rebellion in Africa, then attempts to attack Honorius in Italy. The attack is repulsed and Heraclianus returns to Carthage, where he is killed.

Atauf of the Goths declares Priscus Attalus Emperor and is attacked by Constantius, general to Honorius, who deposes Priscus Attalus again.

The general Constantius marries Galla Placidia, the sister of Honorius, against her will.

Honorius signs a treaty that grants the Visigoths southwestern Gaul.

Honorius issues the Edict of 418, which relaxes administrative control over the provinces and allows Rome to hold them in name.

Honorius recognizes Constantius as co-emperor, but Theodosius in the east refuses to recognize him.

Constantius, now co-emperor with Honorius, prepares a campaign against Theodosius in the east, but dies before it departs.

Death of Honorius from edema. Johannes is nominated as Emperor.