Drachm

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The drachm was one of the most important and widely used denominations of currency in ancient Greece, serving as both a medium of exchange and a symbol of civic pride. The name “drachm” is derived from the Greek word “drakhmē,” which means “a handful,” referring to the fact that it was initially the value of a handful of iron spits, used as a form of early currency. Over time, the drachm evolved into a silver coin and became the standard monetary unit in many Greek city-states, notably in Athens, where it was integral to the economic and political systems.

The drachm first appeared around the 6th century BCE, with the earliest examples of Greek coinage being minted by the Lydians in Asia Minor. The Athenian drachm became the most famous and widely circulated form of this currency, particularly from the 5th century BCE onward. It typically featured the head of Athena, the patron goddess of Athens, on one side, and the owl, symbolizing the city’s connection to wisdom and its cultural identity, on the reverse. The Athenian drachm became a standard in the ancient Mediterranean world, influencing the design and value of coins in other Greek city-states and even in distant regions under Greek influence, such as Egypt and Persia.

The drachm was often subdivided into smaller units, with the obol being the most common smaller denomination. Six obols equaled one drachm, and the combination of these units allowed for flexibility in everyday transactions, from simple purchases to larger commercial dealings. As a silver coin, the drachm was widely accepted in trade, and its value was consistent across much of the Greek-speaking world. Its widespread use made it a symbol of the economic strength of the Greek city-states and the growing network of trade that connected Greece with other ancient civilizations.

Andragoras 246-238 BCE Arabia 5th-3rd centuries BCE Archelaos 36 BCE – 17 CE Ariarathes I 325 BCE Ariarathes IX Eusebes 88/7 BCE Ariarathes V 134/3 BCE Ariarathes VI Epiphanes 118/7 BCE Ariarathes VII 104/3 BCE Ariarathes X 42-36 BCE Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios 83/2 BCE Ariobarzanes II 63-52 BCE Ariobarzanes III 52-42 BCE Audoleon 315-28 BCE Bagadat of Persis 3rd century BCE Bargylia, Caria 2nd-1st centuries BCE Batis of Gaza 353-333 BCE Chalkis, Euboia 290-271 BCE Dyonysios Herakleia Pontika 337-305 BCE Edom 4th century BCE Itanos, Crete 320-280 BCE Kalas/Demarchos 325-323 BCE Knidos, Caria 350-320 BCE Larymna, Boeotia 171 BCE Philip III Arrhidaeos 331-321 BCE Philoxenos 325-323 BCE Ptolemy IV 222-204 BCE