Phoenician

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The Phoenician script is one of the oldest and most influential alphabetic writing systems in the ancient world. It emerged around the 11th century BCE in the region of the Levant, primarily in the area that corresponds to modern-day Lebanon, Syria, and Israel. The Phoenicians were a seafaring people known for their trade and cultural exchanges, and their script reflected this expansive influence. As merchants, the Phoenicians needed an efficient and flexible writing system that could be used for trade, diplomacy, and record-keeping across their vast network of settlements from the Mediterranean to the coast of North Africa and parts of Europe.

The Phoenician script was an abjad, meaning it primarily represented consonants, with vowels generally not being indicated. It consisted of around 22 characters, each representing a single consonantal sound. This simplicity and adaptability made it much more efficient than earlier cuneiform or hieroglyphic writing systems, which were more complex and used hundreds of symbols. The Phoenician alphabet was therefore easy to learn and could be adapted to various languages, which contributed to its widespread use.

The Phoenician script is considered the precursor to many subsequent alphabets, including the Greek, Latin, and Hebrew alphabets. The Greeks, who encountered the Phoenician script through their trade and cultural interactions, adapted it in the 8th century BCE to create their own writing system, which introduced vowels and further influenced the development of Western writing systems. The impact of the Phoenician alphabet extended well beyond the Mediterranean, shaping the development of literacy in the ancient world.

Gerostratos of Arados 335/334 BCE Hezekiah 332-302 BCE Samaria 375-333 BCE Straton of Sidon 337/36 BCE Urimilk III of Byblos 333 BCE Yehud 375-332 BCE