Grape cultivation has a long and important history in ancient Greece, where it was integral not only to the economy but also to the social and religious fabric of Greek society. The Greeks are often credited with refining the cultivation of grapes and the production of wine, which became a key part of their daily life, culture, and religious practices. Archaeological evidence suggests that grape cultivation began in Greece as early as the Bronze Age, around 2,000 BCE, with the earliest known wine-making facilities dating back to around 1,400 BCE.

The ancient Greeks recognized the ideal climate for grape growing, particularly in regions with hot summers, mild winters, and plenty of sunlight. Greece’s varied landscape, with its combination of mountains, valleys, and islands, provided a range of microclimates that were well-suited to growing grapes. By the Archaic and Classical periods (circa 8th to 4th centuries BCE), grapevines were cultivated extensively across the Greek mainland and islands. The cultivation of grapes spread throughout regions such as Attica, Peloponnesus, and Crete, as well as in the colonies established by Greek settlers in places like Southern Italy (known as Magna Graecia) and Asia Minor.

The most important product of grape cultivation in ancient Greece was wine, which was consumed daily by both the rich and the poor. Wine was diluted with water and served at meals, and it was a key part of social gatherings, such as the symposium—a drinking party where men would come together to drink, converse, and engage in intellectual discussion. Wine also had religious significance, as it was used in sacrificial rites to honor gods, particularly Dionysus, the god of wine, fertility, and revelry. The Greeks believed that wine represented the divine gift of Dionysus, and its consumption was often linked to the spiritual connection between mortals and the gods.

Beyond wine production, grapes and their by-products were used for other purposes, such as the creation of raisins, which were consumed as a snack or used in baking. The Greeks also developed a wide range of grape varieties, including those used for making sweet wines and those suitable for more robust, dry wines. The sweet wine of Thasos and the red wine of Chios were particularly prized, with specific regions becoming renowned for their high-quality vintages.