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In ancient Greece, the primary military force was the hoplite, a heavily armed foot soldier, and cavalry played a smaller role in warfare compared to the Roman legions. Greek cavalry, known as hippeis, were typically used for scouting, pursuit, and flanking rather than direct engagement in battle. Greek riders generally employed light cavalry tactics, which emphasized speed and mobility over heavy armor. The Greeks were also known for their emphasis on chariot racing in athletic festivals such as the Olympic Games, where horses were used in four-horse chariots (quadrigas). These races were not just athletic competitions but also significant social and religious events, with the best horses being bred by the wealthy elite and city-states eager to show off their prowess.

In contrast, ancient Rome placed a much greater emphasis on cavalry in both military and social contexts. Roman soldiers used cavalry units as an important part of their military strategies, particularly in flanking enemy formations or conducting pursuits after a battle. Roman cavalrymen often rode heavily armored horses, and cavalry units could be part of legionary formations, forming a critical component of the overall Roman military machine. Roman riders were equipped with long spears (lances), swords, and shields, designed to give them an advantage in both skirmishes and battlefield maneuvers. Light cavalry was also employed, often made up of auxiliaries from provinces outside Italy, including Numidian and Gallic horsemen, who were known for their speed and agility.

Roman society also saw the development of horseback riding as sport. The Romans enjoyed various equestrian events, including chariot racing in venues like the Circus Maximus. These races were highly competitive, with teams of horses pulling chariots at high speeds, often leading to dramatic crashes. Horses were specially trained for these events, and their value as racehorses was significant. Unlike the Greeks, who focused more on the athletic aspect of chariot racing, the Romans used racing horses and trained riders as part of their broader social and entertainment culture. Horses were also utilized for travel and communication, particularly in the military, with Roman roads facilitating the swift movement of couriers and messengers on horseback.

The equipment used for horseback riding in both ancient Greece and Rome evolved over time. Early riders, particularly in Greece, would have used simple bridles, often riding without saddles or using basic, rudimentary saddles. Over time, the Romans refined equestrian equipment, using stirrups, saddles, and more intricate bridles to aid in control and comfort during long rides. The use of these innovations in Roman military units allowed for greater mobility and coordination during campaigns.

Alexander riding Bukephalos 238-244 CE Ariaramnes 280-230 BE Constantius II 351-354 CE Dardanos, Troas 300-200 BCE Dardanos, Troas 4th-3rd century BCE Demetrios Poliorketes 300 BCE Derdas II ca 380 BCE Gauls 315-275 BCE Halos, Thessaly 3rd century BCE Honorius 393-423 CE Ionia, Kolophon ca 330-285 BCE Kisthene, Mysia 4th century BCE Koinon of Macedon 222-235 CE Koinon of Macedon 244-249 CE Koinon of Macedon 244-249 CE Krannon, Thessaly 350-300 BCE Krannon, Thessaly 4th century BCE Larissa, Thessaly 4th century BCE Magnesia ad Maeander 350-200 BCE Magnesia ad Maeander 350-200 BCE Magnesia ad Maeander ca 350-200 BCE Magnesia ad Maeander, Ionia 350-200 BCE Magnesia ad Maeandrum 350-200 BCE Magnesia ad Maeandrum 350-200 BCE Magnesia ad Meander, Ionia 350-200 Olosson, Thessaly 400-350 BCE Patraos 335-315 BCE Peirasia, Thessaly 4th century BCE Pelinna 4th-early 3rd centuries BCE Pelinna, Thessaly 350 BCE Pelinna, Thessaly 425-350 BCE Pharsalos, Thessaly 4th-3rd cent BCE Pherai, Thessaly 300 BCE Philip IV 4th – early 3rd BCE Seuthes III, Thrace 324-312 BCE Skostokos, Thrace 277-260 BCE Syennesis 440-400 BCE Tissaphernes 400-395 BCE